The New Poets - Indian Writing in English

 

Hello, I am Himanshi Parmar. This blog I have written as a part of teaching. The blog is written to provide study materials to my students. In this blog, i am going to discuss 'The New Poets in Indian Writing in English' in details.

The New Poets

Introduction 

The emergence of new poets in Indian Writing in English marks a significant shift in the literary and cultural landscape of India, particularly from the late 20th century to the present day. These poets, often referred to as the "post-independence" or "contemporary" generation, explore complex themes that reflect the changing face of Indian society, both at home and abroad. Their works contribute to the ongoing evolution of Indian poetry in English, characterised by a blend of personal and political concerns, linguistic experimentation, and global resonance.

 Time Period

The new wave of Indian poets in English began emerging in the post-1960s period, with a distinct maturation in the late 20th and early 21st centuries. This period follows the independence of India in 1947 and reflects a country transitioning through decolonization, modernization, globalisation, and various socio-political changes. The poets of this era are distinct from earlier figures like Sarojini Naidu or A.K. Ramanujan, as they are more rooted in contemporary experiences.

 Literary History and Evolution

Indian poetry in English began during British colonial rule, with poets like Henry Derozio and Toru Dutt, but it gained significant momentum post-independence with figures such as Nissim Ezekiel, Kamala Das, and A.K. Ramanujan laying the foundation for modern Indian English poetry. By the 1970s and 1980s, poets like Dom Moraes and Jayanta Mahapatra had expanded the range of themes and forms, moving from the colonial hangover to explorations of identity, existentialism, and the complexities of an emerging modern India. 

The contemporary era, which can be traced from the 1980s onward, features poets who are increasingly global in their outlook, often writing from both within India and the diaspora. This generation marks a more confident and experimental engagement with the English language and a broader exploration of themes ranging from politics and identity to gender and postcolonial experiEnglish

Characteristics of New Indian Poets in English

1] Cultural Hybridity

Cultural hybridity is a key theme in the work of modern Indian poets writing in English. Many of these poets belong to the Indian diaspora or have lived abroad, which shapes their identity and writing. They often find themselves balancing Indian and Western traditions, and this blend shows up in their poetry. Their work reflects the experience of living between two cultures, exploring themes of identity, belonging, and feeling out of place. Instead of simply comparing two worlds, they mix them together to create a new global identity.

This blending of cultures also shows up in themes like migration and longing for home. These poets talk about living in exile, not only in a physical sense but also feeling disconnected from culture. Their poems bring in local and global perspectives, reflecting the complexity of today’s world. Their writing moves beyond simple labels like "East" and "West," and instead, embraces a mix of different identities and experiences.

2] Linguistic Experimentation

Modern Indian poets in English often experiment with language. They mix English with Indian languages, creating a new style of writing that reflects India’s multicultural reality. This can involve using Indian idioms, regional phrases, and switching between English and local languages. This way, the poets make English feel more Indian, using it to express their unique identity and experiences. By doing this, they change English from a colonial language into something that reflects their own culture.

This use of language also honours India’s many different languages and shows how rich and diverse Indian speech can be. These poets don’t just write in proper English; they bend it to fit their lives and make it feel personal. This creative use of language also challenges the traditional view of English as the dominant language and instead shows how flexible and adaptable it can be.

3] Diverse Themes

New Indian poets write about many different themes, much more varied than earlier poets who focused mostly on nationalism and freedom. Today’s poets cover topics like globalisation, migration, gender, and environmental issues. Their poetry reflects the globalised world they live in, where personal stories are connected to big, political topics. They often use their own experiences of feeling out of place or reflecting on their lives as a way to explore bigger issues that affect many people.

At the same time, they also focus on issues specific to India, such as caste discrimination, communal violence, and the changes happening in modern cities. By addressing both personal and political themes, these poets create work that feels both intimate and relevant to the wider world. Their poetry connects the personal and the political, making their writing feel powerful and relatable.

4] Urban Sensibility

Many modern Indian poets focus on life in India’s cities, exploring how urbanisation is changing the country. Their poetry captures the feelings of loneliness, confusion, and change that come with living in big cities. Cities like Mumbai, Delhi, and Kolkata are often the settings of their poems, where traditional values clash with modern life. Their work shows how people in cities deal with the fast pace of change and the rise of a more individualistic society.

These poets also write about the challenges of urbanisation, such as economic inequality, migration, and the breakdown of traditional relationships. Cities become symbols of both progress and isolation, where people struggle to find meaning in an increasingly materialistic world. By focusing on city life, these poets explore how urbanisation is affecting not just spaces but also values, relationships, and identities.

5] Social and Political Engagement

Many new Indian poets use their poetry to speak out on social and political issues. They write about problems like caste discrimination, gender inequality, and religious conflict, using their poetry to express their concerns and protest against injustice. For example, Dalit poets often write about the struggles faced by marginalised communities. Gender and sexuality are also common themes, with poets challenging traditional norms and promoting equality.

In addition to social issues, these poets also tackle political topics like globalisation, environmental damage, and the impact of development. They write about issues such as deforestation, pollution, and climate change, expressing a deep concern for the future. Their poetry is not just a creative outlet but also a way to raise awareness and push for change. By blending personal experiences with political issues, these poets use their work to inspire action and make a difference.

 Major Poets and Their Works

1] Arundhathi Subramaniam

Arundhathi Subramaniam is one of the most acclaimed voices in contemporary Indian poetry, known for her exploration of spirituality, the self, and the complexities of modern life. Born in Mumbai, Subramaniam’s work reflects a deep engagement with the inner journey of self-discovery, often blending elements of mysticism with urban alienation. Her notable works include *When God Is a Traveller* (2014), which was shortlisted for the T.S. Eliot Prize, and *Where I Live: New and Selected Poems* (2009). Her poetry frequently explores themes of longing, belonging, and the search for meaning, often through the lens of spirituality. She writes with a sensitivity that resonates with readers on a personal and philosophical level.

Subramaniam’s work also addresses the tension between the spiritual and the everyday. Her poems often reflect the complexities of modern urban existence while searching for deeper connections to tradition and the divine. She has a unique ability to weave mysticism into everyday experiences, making her poetry accessible yet profound. Her contemplative voice, paired with an urban sensibility, makes her one of the most significant contemporary Indian poets, offering readers a pathway to introspection and self-understanding.

2] Jeet Thayil

Jeet Thayil is a multifaceted artist—poet, novelist, and musician—whose poetry is marked by its bold exploration of addiction, memory, and the chaotic nature of urban life. His notable collections, *These Errors Are Correct* (2008) and *Apocalypso* (1997), highlight his ability to address personal demons while pushing the boundaries of language and form. Thayil’s poems often deal with themes of self-destruction, recovery, and the complexities of human relationships, revealing his personal struggles with addiction. His language is raw and experimental, reflecting the turmoil of modern existence and the darker sides of the human psyche.

Beyond poetry, Thayil is also known for his contributions to Indian literature with his critically acclaimed novel *Narcopolis* (2012), which deals with the drug culture of Mumbai. His poetry, much like his prose, is marked by a gritty realism and an uncompromising look at the human condition. Thayil’s ability to merge the personal with the universal, combined with his experimental style, positions him as a leading figure in modern Indian literature, both for his willingness to explore uncomfortable truths and for his innovative use of language.

3] Ranjit Hoskote

Ranjit Hoskote is a prominent poet, translator, and cultural theorist whose work delves into the intersections of history, memory, and identity. His poetry collections, such as *Vanishing Acts* (2006) and *Jonahwhale* (2018), are known for their intellectual depth and rich imagery. Hoskote's work often reflects on the complexities of human experience, exploring themes of displacement, exile, and the passage of time. His writing is both introspective and outward-looking, combining personal reflection with broader cultural and historical contexts. As a poet, Hoskote is known for his precise, often meditative language, which adds layers of meaning to his work.

In addition to his poetry, Hoskote is a renowned translator and has worked extensively in the field of art criticism, further enriching his literary output. His ability to merge the visual with the verbal allows him to create poetic landscapes that are vivid and deeply textured. Hoskote's work is also marked by a deep engagement with cultural identity, as he often explores how memory and history shape individual and collective consciousness. This blend of intellectual rigour and poetic lyricism makes him a key figure in contemporary Indian literature.

4] Tishani Doshi

Tishani Doshi is an acclaimed poet and dancer whose work often focuses on the themes of the body, womanhood, and the intersection of the personal and political. Her debut poetry collection, *Countries of the Body* (2006), won the Forward Prize for Best First Collection and explores themes of femininity, identity, and mortality. Doshi's poetry frequently draws on her experiences as both a woman and an artist, blending sensuality with philosophical inquiry. Her recent collection, *A God at the Door* (2021), further demonstrates her ability to address pressing political and social issues while maintaining a deeply personal voice.

Doshi's work is also influenced by her career as a dancer, and this physicality often translates into her poetry. Her poems frequently explore the connection between the body and the self, touching on themes of movement, identity, and transformation. She brings a unique perspective to the contemporary Indian poetry scene, combining personal reflection with broader political and social commentary. Doshi's ability to move between the personal and the universal, the sensual and the intellectual, makes her a distinctive voice in modern Indian poetry.

5] Meena Kandasamy

Meena Kandasamy is a bold and confrontational voice in contemporary Indian poetry, known for her strong political activism and exploration of caste, gender violence, and social justice. Her collection *Ms. Militancy* (2010) is particularly notable for its unflinching examination of these themes, blending sharp political critique with personal insight. Kandasamy’s poetry is fierce and radical, often challenging traditional narratives and shining a light on the injustices faced by marginalised communities, especially Dalits and women. Her work is not only a form of artistic expression but also a tool for activism, making her one of the most important social justice poets in India today.

Kandasamy's poetry reflects her activism in both form and content, using a direct and unapologetic style to address issues often ignored or suppressed in mainstream discourse. Her work pushes boundaries, forcing readers to confront uncomfortable truths about caste discrimination, gender-based violence, and the ongoing struggles for equality in Indian society. Kandasamy’s powerful voice resonates with a sense of urgency, making her poetry a call to action for social and political change.

6] Vijay Seshadri

Vijay Seshadri, an Indian-American poet, is known for his deeply philosophical work, exploring themes of identity, migration, and existential inquiry. His collection *3 Sections* won the Pulitzer Prize for Poetry in 2014 and is noted for its introspective and reflective quality. Seshadri’s poetry often probes into the nature of existence, selfhood, and the human condition, weaving personal experiences with broader metaphysical questions. His work is characterised by a thoughtful, meditative tone, allowing readers to explore the complexities of life and consciousness through his eyes.

Seshadri’s poetry also reflects the experience of migration, capturing the feelings of dislocation and search for belonging that come with living between cultures. His work often blends his Indian heritage with his experiences in America, creating a rich tapestry of themes related to identity, displacement, and the human need for connection. His reflective style and philosophical depth have made Seshadri a significant figure in contemporary poetry, both in India and abroad.

Major Themes

 1. Identity and Diaspora

A major theme in modern Indian poetry is the search for identity, especially for poets who live outside India or come from mixed cultural backgrounds. These poets often feel caught between two worlds, struggling to find where they truly belong. Their poems reflect feelings of being both connected to and disconnected from their heritage and the new countries they live in, leading to a rich exploration of cultural blending, or hybridity, and personal identity.

Poets in the Indian diaspora write about their experiences of living between different cultures, often feeling like they don’t fully belong to one place or another. This search for identity is not just about where they come from, but also about who they are as individuals trying to balance traditions from home with the modern world they now inhabit. This theme of belonging and alienation is central to many works of contemporary Indian poets.

2. Gender and Feminism

Gender and feminism are powerful themes in the work of many contemporary Indian women poets, like Meena Kandasamy and Tishani Doshi. These poets often challenge traditional roles of women and explore issues of gender inequality and sexuality. Their poems speak out against patriarchal systems and provide a strong voice for women’s experiences in both old-fashioned and modern settings.

These poets use their work to highlight how women navigate societal pressures and expectations. By addressing topics such as body politics, sexual freedom, and gender roles, their poetry often becomes a tool for feminist activism, pushing for change and offering a deeper understanding of what it means to be a woman in today’s world.

3. Caste and Social Justice

Social justice, particularly relating to the caste system, is a key theme in modern Indian poetry. Many poets from marginalised communities, like Dalit poets such as Meena Kandasamy, use their writing to highlight the struggles of people oppressed by caste-based discrimination. Their poems give a voice to those who have been silenced and reflect the harsh realities of inequality in Indian society.

These poets focus on bringing attention to the ongoing fight for social equality and justice. Through their work, they call for change and challenge long-standing systems of oppression, emphasising the importance of equality and dignity for all, regardless of caste or background.

4. Globalization and Urban Life

Another common theme is the impact of globalisation and urbanisation on modern Indian life. As India’s cities grow and become more connected to the world, many poets explore the changes and challenges brought by this fast-paced, globalised life. Their poems often reflect the contrast between traditional values and the fragmented, often chaotic nature of urban living.

These poets write about the complexities of city life, where modern technology and economic growth can lead to both opportunity and alienation. They examine how people cope with living in busy, crowded cities, often feeling disconnected from their roots and overwhelmed by the rapid changes in society.

5. Spirituality and Self-Exploration

Despite the focus on social and political issues, many Indian poets continue to explore themes of spirituality and personal growth. Poets like Arundhathi Subramaniam often write about the inner journey of self-exploration, seeking answers to life's big questions about purpose, transcendence, and meaning. Their poems reflect a deep, philosophical inquiry into the self and the nature of existence.

This theme of spirituality connects the personal with the universal, as poets search for deeper truths beyond the material world. Their work is often introspective, exploring how individuals can find peace, purpose, and a sense of connection in an increasingly complex world.

 Conclusion

The new poets in Indian Writing in English represent a dynamic and diverse group that continues to expand the boundaries of Indian poetry. With their unique blend of cultural hybridity, linguistic innovation, and engagement with contemporary socio-political issues, these poets contribute to a vibrant literary tradition that is both deeply rooted in Indian experience and resonant on the global stage. They offer fresh perspectives on identity, modernity, and the human condition, making Indian poetry in English a vital part of world literature.

Indian Novel in English

Hello, I am Himanshi Parmar. This blog I have written as a part of teaching. The blog is written to provide study materials to my students. In this blog, I am going to discuss 'Indian Novel in English' in details.

Origin of the Indian Novel in English

The novel as a literary form was introduced to India through British colonial influence. Before the British arrived, Indian literature was predominantly oral and written in various regional languages, with forms such as epics, poetry, and plays. The novel, a relatively new genre even in Europe, began to take root in India during the 19th century when English education was institutionalised as part of the colonial project.

The earliest Indian novels in English were heavily influenced by Western literary traditions. Indian authors who had received English education began to experiment with this new form of storytelling, blending it with indigenous themes, narratives, and concerns. The first known novel in English by an Indian author is *Rajmohan's Wife* (1864) by Bankim Chandra Chatterjee, a figure who later became famous for his Bengali novels. Although 'Rajmohan’s Wife' was not widely recognized at the time, it set a precedent for the development of the Indian novel in English.

Development of the Indian Novel in English

Early Period (Late 19th to Early 20th Century)

In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the Indian novel in English was in its infancy. This period was characterised by a focus on social issues, often reflecting the influence of the Indian reform movements of the time. The early novels often dealt with the conflict between traditional Indian society and the modernising influences of British rule.

1] Bankim Chandra Chatterjee: ‘Rajmohan’s Wife’ (1864) is a social novel set in rural Bengal. It explores themes of domesticity, honour, and social change.

2] Toru Dutt: Though more famous for her poetry, Dutt’s ‘Bianca, or The Young Spanish Maiden’ (1878) is an early attempt at novel writing, showing the influence of Western romanticism.

Pre-Independence Era (Early to Mid-20th Century)

As the Indian independence movement gained momentum, the Indian novel in English began to reflect the political and social upheavals of the time. This period saw the emergence of what is often called the “trinity” of early Indian English novelists: Mulk Raj Anand, R.K. Narayan, and Raja Rao.

1] Mulk Raj Anand: Anand’s novels are known for their strong social realism. ‘Untouchable’ (1935) is a groundbreaking work that gives voice to the oppressed Dalits, critiquing the caste system and the social hierarchies of colonial India. ‘Coolie’ (1936) continues this theme, focusing on the exploitation of labour in colonial India.

  

2] R.K. Narayan: Narayan’s novels are noted for their simplicity and humour, capturing the everyday life of ordinary Indians. His fictional town of Malgudi is the setting for many of his novels, including ‘Swami and Friends’ (1935), which offers a child's perspective on the changes sweeping through Indian society. ‘The Guide’ (1958), one of his best-known works, won the Sahitya Akademi Award and was adapted into a successful film.

3] Raja Rao: ‘Kanthapura’ (1938) is one of Rao’s most significant contributions to Indian Writing in English. The novel presents the Gandhian movement through the lens of a small South Indian village, blending myth, folklore, and oral tradition with the modern novel form.

These writers, along with others like Khushwant Singh, whose ‘Train to Pakistan’ (1956) vividly depicts the horrors of Partition, which were instrumental in shaping the Indian novel in English during this period. They tackled issues of caste, colonialism, tradition versus modernity, and the struggle for independence.

Post-Independence Era (Mid-20th Century to 1980s)

After India gained independence in 1947, the focus of Indian novels in English shifted to the challenges of nation-building, the trauma of Partition, and the search for a new identity in a rapidly changing world. This period also saw the rise of women writers who began to explore gender issues more explicitly.

1] Anita Desai: Desai’s novels are known for their deep psychological insight and exploration of the inner lives of her characters, particularly women. In ‘Cry, the Peacock’ (1963) and ‘Clear Light of Day’ (1980), Desai explores themes of loneliness, identity, and the complexities of family relationships in postcolonial India.

2] Kamala Markandaya: ‘Nectar in a Sieve’ (1954) is one of her most famous works, depicting the struggles of a rural Indian woman against the backdrop of poverty and the encroachment of modernity. Markandaya’s work often focuses on the tension between rural and urban life, tradition and change.

3] Ruth Prawer Jhabvala: An expatriate writer who lived in India for many years, Jhabvala’s ‘Heat and Dust’ (1975) explores the contrasts and continuities between the colonial and postcolonial periods in India. The novel won the Booker Prize and is noted for its nuanced portrayal of cultural encounters and conflicts.

Modern and Contemporary Period (1980s to Present)

The 1980s marked a turning point for Indian Writing in English, with the publication of Salman Rushdie’s ‘Midnight’s Children’ (1981). This novel, which won the Booker Prize, introduced a new narrative style that blended magical realism with historical fiction. It also marked the beginning of a new wave of Indian writers who would gain international recognition and transform Indian literature.

1] Salman Rushdie: ‘Midnight's Children’ is a landmark in Indian literature. It uses the technique of magical realism to narrate the story of India’s transition from British colonialism to independence and the subsequent partition. Rushdie’s work is known for its playful use of language, complex narrative structure, and exploration of postcolonial identity.

2] Arundhati Roy: ‘The God of Small Things’ (1997), which won the Booker Prize, is a powerful exploration of caste, family dynamics, and social injustice in Kerala. Roy’s lyrical prose and intricate narrative structure have made the novel a significant contribution to contemporary Indian literature.

3] Vikram Seth: ‘A Suitable Boy’ (1993) is one of the longest novels in English literature and is celebrated for its detailed portrayal of post-independence India. The novel’s scope, which includes politics, religion, caste, and the search for personal identity, has made it a modern classic.

4] Jhumpa Lahiri: Although based in the United States, Lahiri’s works like ‘The Namesake’ (2003) and ‘Interpreter of Maladies’ (1999) are significant for their exploration of the Indian diaspora, themes of migration, identity, and the generational divide. Her work has garnered critical acclaim and a Pulitzer Prize.

5] Amitav Ghosh: Ghosh’s works, such as ‘The Shadow Lines’ (1988) and the Ibis Trilogy (2008-2015), are known for their historical depth, intricate narratives, and exploration of the effects of colonialism and globalisation. Ghosh’s novels often weave together personal and historical narratives, reflecting the complex histories of India and the broader world.

Major Themes in the Indian Novel in English

1. Colonialism and Postcolonialism: Many Indian novels explore the impact of British colonialism on India, including the psychological and cultural effects. Postcolonial themes, such as the search for identity in a newly independent nation and the legacies of colonial rule, are central to the works of writers like Salman Rushdie and Amitav Ghosh.

2. Social Reform and Tradition: The tension between tradition and modernity is a recurring theme in Indian novels. Writers often critique traditional practices while also exploring the challenges of embracing modernity. This theme is particularly evident in the works of Mulk Raj Anand and R.K. Narayan.

3. Caste and Class: The rigid social hierarchy of caste and class in India is a central concern in many Indian novels, especially those of Mulk Raj Anand, whose *Untouchable* exposes the brutal realities of the caste system. Arundhati Roy’s ‘The God of Small Things’ also delves into the deeply ingrained caste discrimination in Indian society.

4. Gender and Identity: Feminist perspectives have gained prominence in Indian novels, with writers like Anita Desai, Kamala Markandaya, and more recently, Arundhati Roy and Kiran Desai, exploring the roles and identities of women in Indian society. These novels often address issues of patriarchy, gender inequality, and the complexities of female identity.

5.Diaspora and Migration: The experiences of the Indian diaspora, the complexities of migration, and the search for identity in a foreign land are explored in the works of writers like Jhumpa Lahiri, Rohinton Mistry, and Bharati Mukherjee. These themes reflect the globalised world in which contemporary Indian literature is increasingly situated.

Contemporary Trends and the Future of the Indian Novel in English

The contemporary Indian novel in English explores the effects of globalisation, with stories that cross borders and address how global changes impact people's lives. Themes like urbanisation, modern life, and the clash between tradition and modern values are common, especially in stories set in rapidly changing Indian cities. There's also a focus on voices from marginalised communities, dealing with issues of caste, gender, and class. Writers are experimenting with new storytelling techniques, and there's a rise in popular fiction that appeals to a wide audience.

Looking ahead, the future of the Indian novel in English seems bright, with more diverse voices adding richness to the genre. As writers tackle universal themes and try new ways of storytelling, these novels are likely to gain even more global attention. Issues like environmental and social justice will become more important, and new technology might lead to fresh and interactive ways of telling stories.

As India continues to change, these novels will keep reimagining what it means to be Indian, both in the country and abroad. By responding to the new realities of life in a global world while staying connected to traditional storytelling, Indian Writing in English will remain an important and dynamic part of world literature.

Writers like Kiran Desai and Aravind Adiga have continued to gain critical acclaim for their insightful explorations of contemporary Indian society. 

1] Kiran Desai: Her novel ‘The Inheritance of Loss’ (2006) won the Booker Prize and explores the complex legacies of colonialism, the intersections of global and local cultures, and the challenges faced by people living in a rapidly globalising world. The novel juxtaposes the lives of a retired judge in India and his granddaughter with that of illegal immigrants in the United States, providing a nuanced look at issues of migration, identity, and belonging.

2] Aravind Adiga: ‘The White Tiger’ (2008), which won the Booker Prize, offers a sharp, satirical look at the dark underbelly of India’s economic boom. Through the protagonist’s journey from a village in rural India to becoming a successful entrepreneur in Bangalore, the novel critiques the vast disparities in wealth and power in contemporary India.

These writers, along with others like Jeet Thayil (Narcopolis), Anuradha Roy (An Atlas of Impossible Longing), and Chitra Banerjee Divakaruni (The Palace of Illusions), are contributing to the ongoing evolution of the Indian novel in English. They bring diverse voices and perspectives, enriching the genre with stories that explore the complexities of Indian life in the 21st century.

Conclusion

The novel in Indian Writing in English has come a long way from its modest beginnings in the 19th century. It has evolved through various phases, reflecting the socio-political changes in India and the broader world. Today, Indian novels in English are a vital part of global literature, offering unique insights into the Indian experience while also engaging with universal themes. 

From the early social novels of Bankim Chandra Chatterjee to the global narratives of contemporary writers like Salman Rushdie, Arundhati Roy, and Kiran Desai, the Indian novel in English has developed into a rich and diverse literary tradition. It continues to grow and adapt, reflecting the dynamic realities of a nation that is constantly in flux. As Indian writers continue to innovate and experiment with the form, the future of the Indian novel in English looks promising, with the potential to reach even greater heights in the global literary landscape.

Indian English Drama: A Comprehensive Overview

Hello, I am Himanshi Parmar. This blog I have written as a part of teaching. The blog is written to provide study materials to my students. In this blog, i am going to discuss 'Indian English Drama: A Comprehensive Overview' in details.

 Introduction

Indian English drama, though initially overshadowed by other literary forms like poetry and prose, has carved a niche for itself through its unique blend of Western dramatic structures and Indian themes. The genre has evolved significantly from its early roots in the 19th century to its contemporary manifestations, reflecting the socio-political changes and cultural complexities of India. This comprehensive overview explores the origin, development, major dramatists, significant works, and recurring themes of Indian English drama.

Origin and Early Development

The journey of Indian English drama began in the 19th century, a period marked by the introduction of English education in India. This era saw the establishment of English-language theaters in major cities such as Calcutta (now Kolkata), Bombay (now Mumbai), and Madras (now Chennai). Despite the initial challenges of language barriers and the perceived artificiality of dialogue, Indian dramatists began to experiment with English as a medium for expressing Indian narratives.

One of the earliest recorded plays is Krishna Mohan Banerji’s "The Persecuted" (1831), which tackled the conflict between orthodox Hindu customs and the emerging Western ideas introduced by British colonizers. This play set the stage for subsequent works that would address similar cultural and social conflicts.

 Pre-Independence Era

During the pre-independence period, Indian English drama saw contributions from several notable playwrights who utilised the medium to address various social, cultural, and political issues.

1. Rabindranath Tagore

Rabindranath Tagore, a Nobel laureate in Literature, was a multifaceted genius who significantly contributed to Indian English drama with his poetic and symbolic plays. His major works include "Chitra" (1892), a lyrical drama from the Mahabharata about the warrior princess Chitrangada who transforms herself to win Arjuna's love, exploring themes of identity and societal roles; "The Post Office" (1912), an allegory about a sick boy named Amal who dreams of freedom and the world outside, addressing themes of liberation and the human spirit; and "Red Oleanders" (1925), a symbolic critique of industrialization and dehumanisation, where the protagonist Nandini leads a resistance against exploitation. Tagore's plays skillfully blend traditional Indian elements with modernist themes, delving into philosophical questions about identity, freedom, and human nature, and his use of rich poetic language and symbolism has made his works enduring masterpieces in Indian literature.

2. Sri Aurobindo

Sri Aurobindo, a philosopher, poet, and nationalist, brought a unique blend of Indian and Western influences to Indian English drama, drawing heavily from romantic and Elizabethan traditions. His major works include "Perseus the Deliverer" (1907), a retelling of the Greek myth of Perseus infused with philosophical and spiritual themes of heroism, destiny, and the triumph of good over evil, characterised by its lyrical quality and rich imagery; and "Vasavadutta," which showcases his romantic style and deep exploration of spiritual and philosophical questions. Aurobindo's plays are noted for their lyrical language, romantic elements, and profound exploration of spiritual themes, making significant contributions to Indian literature. His ability to intertwine Indian cultural elements with Western literary traditions has left a lasting impact on Indian drama, addressing cultural, social, and political issues through a deeply philosophical lens.

3. T. P. Kailasam

   

T. P. Kailasam, often hailed as the "Father of Modern Kannada Drama," made significant contributions to Indian English drama with his insightful plays that delve into social issues and human psychology. His major works include "The Purpose" and "Fulfilment," both of which are celebrated for their critical examination of societal norms and the human condition. "The Purpose" (1944) is a poignant play that explores the moral dilemmas and existential struggles faced by its characters, shedding light on the conflict between personal desires and societal expectations. "Fulfilment" (1949), on the other hand, addresses themes of human ambition and the quest for self-actualization, portraying characters who strive to find meaning and satisfaction in their lives. Kailasam's plays are known for their sharp critique of societal hypocrisies and the pressures imposed by rigid social structures. Through his compelling narratives and well-drawn characters, he adeptly highlights the complexities of human emotions and relationships. Kailasam's ability to combine humor with serious social commentary made his works both entertaining and thought-provoking, ensuring his legacy as a pioneering figure in Indian drama. His contributions have left a lasting impact on the landscape of Indian theatre, inspiring subsequent generations of playwrights to tackle social issues with a similar depth and sensitivity.

Other significant contributors during this period include Michel Madhusudan Dutt, A. S. P. Ayyar, Bharati Sarabhai, and J. M. Lobo Prabhu, each bringing their unique perspectives to the genre. Their works ranged from social reform and political satire to cultural critique and philosophical inquiry.

Post-Independence Era

The post-independence era marked a period of expansion and international recognition for Indian English drama. Playwrights began to gain acclaim not only within India but also on the global stage.

1. Asif Currimbhoy

 

Asif Currimbhoy’s diverse body of work includes plays like "Goa" and "Refugee," which address political conflict, social issues, and cultural displacement. His plays are known for their realistic portrayal of contemporary Indian society and their critical perspective on political events.

2. Pratap Sharma and Gurucharan Das

 

Pratap Sharma and Gurucharan Das both playwrights achieved success with their works being staged in England and America. Their plays brought Indian themes to a global audience, highlighting the universal relevance of Indian narratives.

 Major Themes

Indian English drama is rich with diverse themes that reflect the multifaceted nature of Indian society. Some of the major themes include:

1. Social and Political Issues

Indian English drama often talks about social and political problems, reflecting India's history and social changes. Many plays criticize colonialism, showing how Indians struggled against British rule. They also focus on social reform movements like fighting caste discrimination and advocating for women's rights. These dramas depict the efforts of people trying to make society fairer and often question the current social system, urging change and improvement.

2. Cultural Conflicts

A common theme in Indian English drama is the clash between traditional Indian values and Western influences. Playwrights explore how individuals and societies deal with the challenges of maintaining their traditions while adapting to modern, Western ways of life. Characters often face dilemmas about identity and belonging as they try to balance old customs with new ideas. These stories highlight the difficulties and opportunities that come with cultural change in a globalised world.

3.Philosophical and Psychological Exploration

Indian English drama is also known for exploring deep philosophical and psychological themes. Many plays delve into the complexities of the human mind, looking at existential questions and moral dilemmas. Characters in these dramas often face profound questions about who they are and the purpose of their lives. The plays use symbolic and poetic language to express these internal struggles, encouraging audiences to think deeply about the bigger questions in life and understand the human condition better.

Major Works

1. "Tughlaq" by Girish Karnad (1964)

"Tughlaq," published in 1964, is a historical play about Sultan Muhammad bin Tughlaq, who ruled in 14th-century India. The story focuses on his bold yet problematic decisions, like moving the capital from Delhi to Daulatabad, which leads to chaos and disappointment. The play's main themes are the clash between idealism and reality, the corruption of power, and political commentary. Even though it is set in medieval India, it also reflects on political disillusionment in post-independence India. Karnad effectively combines historical events with timeless political themes, making "Tughlaq" a significant work in Indian English drama.

2. "Hayavadana" by Girish Karnad (1971)

Published in 1971, "Hayavadana" is a unique play that mixes Indian folklore, mythology, and deep questions about life. The main story is about two friends, Devadatta and Kapila, who magically switch heads, leading to an exploration of identity and human nature. There's also a subplot about Hayavadana, a man with a horse’s head who wants to become fully human. The play discusses themes of identity, completeness, and the conflict between tradition and modernity. "Hayavadana" uses traditional stories to address deep questions about who we are, showing Karnad’s skill in blending complex themes with familiar tales.

 3. "Silence! The Court is in Session" by Vijay Tendulkar (1967)

First staged in 1967, "Silence! The Court is in Session" is a powerful social commentary on the hypocrisies and injustices in Indian society. The play is about a mock trial conducted by amateur actors, where the main character, Miss Leela Benare, is accused of infanticide. Tendulkar uses this trial to reveal societal prejudices, gender discrimination, and moral rigidity. The play's main themes are social justice, individual freedom, and societal hypocrisy. Set in post-independence India, it critiques conservative and patriarchal norms, highlighting the oppression women face. Tendulkar’s sharp portrayal of societal flaws makes this play a significant work in Indian English drama.

 4. "Final Solutions" by Mahesh Dattani (1993)

Published in 1993, "Final Solutions" is a modern play that deals with communal tensions and identity issues in India. The story takes place during a communal riot and follows a Hindu family who shelters two Muslim boys. The play explores themes of religious intolerance, generational conflict, and identity. Set against the backdrop of communal violence in modern India, it critically examines prejudice and mistrust. Dattani’s work is notable for addressing sensitive social issues, making "Final Solutions" an important piece in contemporary Indian English drama.

5. "Evam Indrajit" by Badal Sircar (1963)

First published in 1963, "Evam Indrajit" is an existential play reflecting the disillusionment of the post-independence generation. The story is about Indrajit, a young man struggling to find meaning and purpose in a monotonous and conformist society. The play's themes include existential angst, identity crisis, and societal expectations. Set in newly independent India, the narrative captures the sense of frustration and disappointment experienced by the youth. Sircar’s innovative use of non-traditional theatrical techniques and his focus on psychological depth make "Evam Indrajit" a pioneering work in Indian English drama.

 Conclusion

Indian English drama, despite its relatively late start and initial challenges, has evolved into a dynamic and influential genre. It continues to reflect the socio-political changes, cultural complexities, and diverse voices of India. From its colonial origins to its contemporary expressions, Indian English drama remains a powerful medium for artistic expression and social commentary, bridging the gap between traditional Indian narratives and modern literary forms.

The Renassiance in India

 

Hello, I am Himanshi Parmar. This blog I have written as a part of teaching. The blog is written to provide study materials to my students. In this blog, i am going to discuss Indian Renassiance in detail.

Introduction :

The Indian Renaissance was a time of cultural and intellectual awakening in the 19th and early 20th centuries in India. This period saw a revival of art, culture, and literature, influenced by both traditional Indian values and Western ideas introduced during British rule. Indian writing in English was important during this time, helping to share ideas and criticise social issues.

Historical Background

1. British Influence: The British brought English education to India, which helped many Indians climb the social ladder and engage in intellectual activities. Schools like the University of Calcutta (founded in 1857) became important centers for English learning.

2. Social Reform Movements: Many social reform movements began during this period, addressing issues like caste discrimination, women's rights, and education. Leaders like Raja Ram Mohan Roy, who wrote in English, fought against practices like Sati (the burning of widows) and promoted modern education.

 Early Indian English Writers

1. Raja Ram Mohan Roy (1772-1833): Known as the "Father of the Indian Renaissance," Roy wrote in English to promote social reforms and rational thinking, blending Indian and Western philosophies.

2. Henry Louis Vivian Derozio (1809-1831): A poet and teacher, Derozio was one of the first Indian poets to write in English. His work reflected a mix of romanticism and revolutionary ideas inspired by the changes happening around him.

3. Michael Madhusudan Dutt (1824-1873): Initially writing in English, Dutt later wrote in Bengali. His poetry, influenced by his English education and Western poets, was important in Indian English literature.

 Themes  and Characteristics

1. Nationalism and Identity: Writers explored themes of national pride and resistance to British rule, expressing their Indian heritage and criticising British policies.

2. Social Issues: Literature from this period addressed social issues like caste discrimination, women's rights, and the need for education reforms. English was used to reach a wider audience, both in India and abroad.

3. Cultural Mixing: Indian English literature during the Renaissance mixed Eastern and Western literary traditions. Writers experimented with different styles and content, combining Indian themes with Western forms.

 Important Works and Authors

1. Bankim Chandra Chatterjee (1838-1894): Though mainly a Bengali writer, Chatterjee's works like "Anandamath" were influential. His novel "Rajmohan's Wife" (1864) is considered the first Indian novel written in English.

2. Torulata Dutt (1856-1877): A pioneering poet, Dutt wrote in both English and French. Her collection of poems, "A Sheaf Gleaned in French Fields" (1876), and her novel "Bianca or The Young Spanish Maiden" (published after her death in 1878) show her literary talent.

3. Romesh Chunder Dutt (1848-1909): A historian, economist, and writer, Dutt's works like "The Lake of Palms" (1902) and his translations of the "Mahabharata" and "Ramayana" into English were important contributions.

 Legacy and Impact

1. Foundation for Future Writers: These early writers set the stage for future Indian English writers like Rabindranath Tagore, R.K. Narayan, and Mulk Raj Anand, who continued to explore Indian themes in English.

2. Cultural Bridge: Indian English literature served as a bridge between India and the West, fostering understanding and dialogue.

3. Global Recognition: This period marked the beginning of international recognition for Indian writers, paving the way for contemporary authors to gain global acclaim.

Watch this video on Indian Renassiance to know more about it.

Thus to conclude, The Indian Renaissance was a transformative time in India's history, and Indian writing in English played a key role in shaping the intellectual and cultural landscape. It was a time of great literary experimentation and social engagement, leading to the rich tradition of Indian English literature we see today.

Types Of Comedy - Dark Comedy and Light Comedy

Hello, I am Himanshi Parmar. This blog I have written as a part of teaching. The blog is written to provide study materials to my students. In this blog, i am going to discuss about two major types of comedy - 1) Dark Comedy and 2) Light Comedy. Also provided examples of it.

Types of comedy

1] Light Comedy

Meaning

Light comedy is like a cheerful, sunny day in the world of humour. It's all about making people laugh without getting too serious or deep. Imagine a comedy movie that leaves you smiling and feeling good afterward.

Light comedy is designed primarily to entertain and amuse the audience through lighthearted and comedic elements. It focuses on creating laughter and a positive, feel-good atmosphere without delving into serious or dark themes. The humour in light comedy often arises from amusing situations, witty dialogue, and playful interactions among characters.

What Makes Light Comedy Different?

Funny Situations: Light comedies create humour from everyday situations. It's like watching your neighbour trying to walk their dog but ending up chasing it around the yard instead!

Witty Jokes: The characters crack jokes that are clever and light-hearted. Think of puns, wordplay, or funny misunderstandings that lead to laughter.

No Heavy Stuff: Unlike serious movies or dramas, light comedy doesn't deal with sad or dark topics. It's all about fun, love, friendships, and the silly things we do in life.

Feel-Good Vibes: The overall feeling of light comedy is happy and positive. It's like a burst of laughter that brightens your day.

Tone and Feel: Light comedy is happy and fun. It's about funny situations and clever jokes that make you smile. The mood is light and cheerful.

What it's About: It talks about love, friendships, and everyday life. It's not serious or sad. Instead, it's about funny things that happen in normal life.

Tone and Atmosphere:

Light comedy, also known as comedy of manners or romantic comedy, typically has a cheerful and upbeat tone. It focuses on humorous situations, witty dialogue, and amusing characters without delving into darker or serious themes. The atmosphere is often light-hearted, and the humour is meant to entertain and amuse the audience.

Themes and Content:

Common themes in light comedy include love, relationships, social status, and everyday life situations. The humour often arises from misunderstandings, romantic entanglements, and comedic timing. The content is usually family-friendly and does not explore controversial or sensitive topics.

Examples

1] "Pride and Prejudice" by Jane Austen:

This classic novel is a perfect example of light comedy. It humorously explores the misunderstandings and romantic entanglements between Elizabeth Bennet and Mr. Darcy. The witty banter, social commentary, and delightful characters add a touch of light-heartedness to the story.

2] "The Importance of Being Earnest" by Oscar Wilde:

Wilde's play is a masterpiece of light comedy. It satirises the Victorian society's manners and customs through clever wordplay, absurd situations, and humorous misunderstandings. The characters, especially Algernon and Jack, engage in hilarious antics that keep the audience entertained.

3] "A Midsummer Night's Dream" by William Shakespeare:

Shakespeare's comedy is filled with magical elements, love triangles, and comical misunderstandings. The interactions between characters like Bottom, the weaver transformed into a donkey, and the fairy Puck's mischief add a whimsical and humorous tone to the play.

2] Dark Comedy

What is Dark Comedy? / Meaning of Dark Comedy:

Dark comedy is a type of humour that dives into topics that are usually considered serious, sad, or uncomfortable. Instead of making light of these issues, dark comedy uses humour to shed light on them in a witty, ironic, or satirical way.

Dark comedy is a type of humour that looks at serious or sensitive topics in a funny way. Imagine laughing at something you wouldn't normally find funny, like making jokes about death or serious problems. It's like finding humour in unexpected places.

Tone and Atmosphere:

Dark comedy, also known as black comedy or gallows humour, has a satirical and cynical tone. It delves into taboo subjects, uncomfortable truths, and often explores the darker aspects of human nature. The atmosphere can be unsettling or morbid, as it confronts serious issues with humour.

Themes and Content:

Dark comedy tackles controversial, sensitive, or taboo themes such as death, illness, violence, and social issues. The humour in dark comedy often comes from irony, absurdity, and juxtaposition of serious subjects with comedic elements. It challenges societal norms and often has a subversive or rebellious undertone.

What makes dark comedy different?

Serious Topics Made Funny: Dark comedy takes things like death, illness, or social issues and makes jokes about them. It's not making fun of these topics but finding humour in their absurdity or unexpectedness.

Irony and Satire: It uses irony, sarcasm, or satire to make jokes. This means saying the opposite of what's expected or poking fun at serious things to make a point.

Making You Think: Dark comedy isn't just about laughs. It also makes you think about deeper stuff while you're laughing. It challenges how we see things and makes us question societal norms.

Uncomfortable, Yet Funny: Sometimes, dark comedy can be a bit uncomfortable because it talks about serious stuff. But that's part of what makes it funny—it's like laughing at the unexpected.

Examples

1)"Slaughterhouse-Five" by Kurt Vonnegut :

"Slaughterhouse-Five" is a darkly comedic novel that follows Billy Pilgrim, a World War II soldier who becomes "unstuck in time" and experiences different moments of his life, including his time as a prisoner of war in Dresden during the Allied bombing. Vonnegut's use of dark humour is evident in his portrayal of the absurdity of war, time travel,and human behaviour in extreme situations. The novel's non-linear narrative and Billy's detached perspective create a surreal and satirical commentary on the horrors of war, blending tragedy with moments of dark comedy.

2)"The Catcher in the Rye" by J.D. Salinger

"The Catcher in the Rye" is a classic novel that combines elements of dark humour with themes of alienation and disillusionment. The protagonist, Holden Caulfield, navigates through a world he sees as phoney and hypocritical, often using sarcasm and wit to comment on society's flaws. Salinger's use of dark comedy lies in Holden's cynical observations, his encounters with eccentric characters, and his own internal struggles with depression and loneliness. The novel's blend of humour and melancholy captures the complexities of adolescence and the human condition.

(This answer is prepared with the help of chat GPT)

બુક પ્રતિભાવ : ટ્રેન ટુ પાકિસ્તાન - ખુશવંતસિંહ

 

બુક પ્રતિભાવ - ટ્રેન ટુ પાકિસ્તાન

લેખક - ખુશવંતસિંહ

અનુવાદક - જય મકવાણા

પ્રકાર - નવલકથા 

ખુશવંતસિંહ દ્વારા લખાયેલ અને જય મકવાણા દ્વારા અનુવાદિત 'ટ્રેન ટુ પાકિસ્તાન' એ ભારત - પાકિસ્તાનનાં વિભાજન વખતેની વ્યથા આલેખતી એક ઐતિહાસિક નવલકથા છે. 1947 માં થયેલ વિભાજન વખતે થઇ રહેલી હીજરતો, હીજરત વખતે આવતી મુશ્કેલીઓ,ચામડી બાળી નાખનારો ઉનાળો, વળી એ જ સમયે ફાટી નીકળેલ મરકી અને ઓછામાં પૂરું હિંસક હુલ્લડોનું વર્ણન રુંવાટા ઉભા કરી દેનારુ છે. પંજાબ સ્થિત મનોમાજરા ગામમાં નવલકથા શરુ થાય છે અને તેનું કથાવસ્તુ એ જ ગામની આસપાસ વણાઈને એક કરુણાંતિકા રચે છે.

મનોમાજરાના શીખ અને મુસ્લિમોની એકતા અને ભાઈચારાથી શરુ થયેલી નવલકથાનું કેન્દ્રબિંદુ ત્યારે ગામનું રેલવે સ્ટેશન બની જાય છે જયારે પાકિસ્તાનથી શીખોની લાશો ભરેલી એક ટ્રેન ત્યાં આવીને ઉભી રહે છે. આખું ગામ મરુભૂમિમાં ફેરવાય જાય છે. ગામ આખામાં ડરનો માહોલ ફેલાઈ જાય છે. લોકો અગાસી પર ચડીને આખો - આખો દિવસ સ્ટેશન તરફ જોઈ રહે છે. રાત્રે ગુરુદ્વારામાં ભેગા મળીને પોતાને આવનાર અંધકારમય ભવિષ્યમાંથી ઉગારી લેવાની અરદાજ લગાવે છે, પ્રાર્થના કરે છે. પણ ભાવિ કોણ ભાંખી શકે છે?!

 કોમી હુલ્લડો અંતે મનોમાજરા સુધી પણ પોહચી જાય છે, મનોમાજરાના દરેક મુસ્લિમોને ચંદનનગરના રેફ્યુજી કેમ્પમાં મોકલી દેવામાં આવે છે. જતા - જતા મુસ્લિમો રાત્રે મુશળધાર વરસાદમાં પોતાના પ્રિય શીખ પાડોશીઓ પાસે છેલ્લી વિદાઈ લેવા માટે જઈ રહ્યા છે.શીખો પણ પોતાના ગામભાઈઓની જમીનને હાથ અડાડવાની ના પાડીને તેમના ઉમદા ભાઈચારાનો પરિચય આપે છે. માત્ર મલ્લિ નામના એક બદમાશ શીખની ટોળી દ્વારા મુસ્લિમોના ઘરો, ઢોર, જમીન બધું જ લૂંટી લેવામાં આવે છે. વળી પોલીસની કૂટનિતિ પણ હુકુમચંદ અને સબઇન્સ્પેક્ટર ના પાત્રોથી સચોટ રીતે દેખાડાઈ છે.

 આ ઉપરાંત ડાબેરી વિચારધારા ધરાવતા ઇકબાલનું પાત્ર પણ ઘણું રસપ્રદ છે. આવા કપરા સમયમાં કોઈ અજાણ્યા ગામમાં આવીને સમજસુધારણા કરવાનો નિર્ણય કરીને તે મોટુ સાહસ વહોરે છે પરંતુ બીજા જ દિવસે પોલીસ દ્વારા તેને ગીરફતાર કરી લેવામાં આવે છે. સાથે જ ગીરફતાર થાય છે ગામનો એક નંબરી બદમાશ જગ્ગા. જે ખલનાયક તરીકે એન્ટ્રી કરીને અંતે હીરો તરીકે ઉભરી આવે છે. નવલકથાના અંતે શીખોના મોતનો બદલો લેવાના હેતુથી ભારતથી પાકિસ્તાન જતી, ખીચોખીચ મુસ્લિમોથી ભરેલી ટ્રેન માંના દરેક પેસેન્જરને મોતને ઘાટ ઉતારી દેવાનું ષડયંત્ર રચાય છે પરંતુ જગ્ગા પોતાના જીવના ભોગે એ મુસ્લિમો ભરેલી અને જેમાં તેની પ્રેમિકા નૂરા પણ સફર કરતી હતી તેવી ટ્રેનને વિનાશથી બચાવી લે છે. નવલકથા પૂર્ણ થઇ જાય છે પણ તેમાં કરવામાં આવેલ ભયાનક વર્ણનો ચેન છીનવી લેનારા છે.

નદીમાં તણાયને જતી અસંખ્ય લાશો, લાખોની સંખ્યામાં મડદા ઠાલવતી ટ્રેન, હીજરત કરીને જતા લોકો પર અચાનક થયેલા હુમલાથી પોતાનો જીવ બચાવવાં આમ - તેમ ભાગતા, કરગરતા, આજીજી કરતા ગરીબડા લોકો અને એવા પુરુષો કે જેના મા, બહેનો, દીકરીઓને તેમની જ નજર સામે નિર્વસ્ત્ર કરીને બજારમાં ફેરવવામાં આવતી હતી, જર, જમીન અને જોરુ આ ત્રણેય લૂંટાઈ રહ્યા હતા. ઘર ઉજડી ગયા હતા, બાપદાદાની મિલકતો, જમીન અરે સ્મૃતિઓ પણ પાછળ છોડીને લોકો વિરુદ્ધ દિશાઓમાં હીજરત કરી રહ્યા હતા. અડધા કુટુંબીઓ કપાઈ ગયા હતા, અડધા ક્યાંક પાછળ છૂટી ગયા હતા, પોતે ક્યારે કપાઈ જશે તે કહી શકાય એમ નહોતું. માથે લટકતી તલવાર અને લોહીથી ભીજાયેલી ભારતીય ઉપખંડની અડધી ધરતી, આવી વાસ્તવિકતાને જીરવવી અઘરી છે, વળી તેને શબ્દોમાં કંડારવી તો અતિશય અઘરી છે.ખુશવંતસિંહ એ આ કામ કર્યું અને તેને માતૃભાષા ગુજરાતીમાં ભાવ જળવાય રહે તે રીતે અનુવાદિત કરવાનું કપરું કામ કર્યું જય મકવાણાએ. વળી નવલકથાની વચ્ચે - વચ્ચે હીજરત સમયની માર્ગરેટ બૌર્ક - વ્હાઇટ દ્વારા લેવાયેલ કરુણ તસવીરો મૂકીને વિભાજનનો સમય વાચક સામે તાદ્રશ કરાયો છે. વાચકના મન પર એક ઊંડી છાપ પાડી જનાર આ નવલકથા ઇતિહાસનો એક એવું સમયચોસલું ઉજાગર કરે છે જેને જાણ્યા પછી, તેના લોકોની કથા વાંચ્યા પછી, ભાગ્યે જ કોઈ પોતાના નસીબ કે સમય વિશે ફરિયાદ કરી શકે.

- હિમાંશી પરમાર (માન)