The Culture of speed and slow movement

Hello, I am Himanshi Parmar, student of MK Bhavnagar University. This blog i have written as a response to Thinking Activity, Which is a Part of my academic Work. Which we get after each unit. In this blog, i am going to discuss about The Culture of Speed and the counterculture of Slow Movement.

About Paul Virilio

Paul Virilio was a French cultural theorist, urbanist, architect and aesthetic philosopher. Born on 4 January 1932, Paris, France and died on 10 September 2018, Paris, France.He is best known for his writings about technology as it has developed in relation to speed and power, with diverse references to architecture, the arts, the city and the military.

He was trained as an artist at the Ecole des Metiers d’Art, which led him to an early career working with Henri-Emile-Benoît Matisse on stained glass windows in several Paris churches. Virilio later attended lectures in phenomenology by Maurice Merleau-Ponty at the Sorbonne as well as studied architecture there. He converted to Christianity in 1950 and fought in the Algerian War. phenomenology, in particular the work of Maurice Merleau-Ponty, Martin Heidegger, and Edmund Husserl. Two other evident influences on his work are the Italian futurist Filippo Tommaso Marinetti and Albert Einstein.

The latest works by Paul Virilio focus on technoscientific questions regarding the relation between humans and technology, which he has elaborated into concepts such as “transplant revolution,” “the third,” and “polar inertia.” The influence of the technoscientific writings of physicist Albert Einstein can be seen in the concept of polar inertia. His book Polar Inertia (2000) explores the ways in which real space has been supplanted by real time due to the advances of electro-optical transmission technology.

What is Culture?

According to the Oxford Dictionary, “Culture is the arts and other manifestations of human intellectual achievement regarded collectively”.

2} “Culture is the ideas, customs, and social behaviour of a particular people or society”.

The 19th-century English anthropologist Edward Burnett Tylor in the first paragraph of his Primitive Culture (1871) gave the definition of culture. For him, “Culture . . . is that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society.”

Culture encompasses religion, food, what we wear, how we wear it, our language, marriage, music and is different all over the world.Culture is the characteristics and knowledge of a particular group of people, encompassing language, religion, cuisine, social habits, music and arts. Thus culture is considered as shared patterns of behaviors and interactions, cognitive constructs and understanding that are learned by socialization. Thus, culture can be seen as the growth of a group identity fostered by social patterns unique to the group. 

There are many countries Like US, India, France, Italy, Germany, Russia, China etc that are world famous for their rich culture, Their customs, tradition, food, music, and art. That led many tourists to visit the place.The word "culture" derives from a French term, which in turn derives from the Latin "colere," which means to tend to the earth and grow, or cultivation and nurture, according to Arthur Asa Berger(opens in new tab). De Rossi said that,

"It shares its etymology with a number of other words related to actively fostering growth."

Paul Virilio and Hyper-modernism/ The Culture of Speed

Paul Virilio is one of the most significant French cultural theorists writing today. Increasingly hailed as the inventor of concepts such as 'dromology' (the 'science' of speed), Virilio is renowned for his declaration that the logic of acceleration lies at the heart of the organization and transformation of the modern world. However, Virilio's thought remains much misunderstood by many postmodern cultural theorists.

In this article, and supporting the ground-breaking work of Arthur and Marilouise Kroker, It shall evaluate the contribution of Virilio's writings by suggesting that they exist beyond the terms of postmodernism and that they should be conceived of as a contribution to the emerging debate over 'hypermodernism'.Dromos is an Ancient Greek noun for race or racetrack, which Virilio applied the activity of racing. It is with this meaning in mind that he coined the term 'dromology', which he defined as the "science (or logic) of speed“. Dromology is important when considering the structuring of society in relation to warfare and modern media. He noted that the speed at which something happens may change its essential nature, and that which moves with speed quickly comes to dominate that which is slower. 'Whoever controls the territory possesses it. Possession of territory is not primarily about laws and contracts, but first and foremost a matter of movement and circulation.'

What is slow movement culture?

The slow movement (sometimes capitalised Slow movement or Slow Movement) advocates a cultural shift toward slowing down life's pace. It began with Carlo Petrini's protest against the opening of a McDonald's restaurant in Piazza di Spagna, Rome in 1986 that sparked the creation of the slow food movement.Speaker and journalist Carl Honoré, the author of “In Praise of Slow” and three other books defining and advocating for the "Slow Movement," believes we should have more focus on living each moment to the fullest and putting quality before quantity in many aspects of life.

When Our obsession with speed “has reached the point of absurdity," says Carl Honoré, author of the "Slow Movement."If we could just slow down our lives, they would be a whole lot better.Hoda Kotb and guest host Maria Shriver, who was filling in for Jenna Bush Hager on her maternity leave, dedicated Friday's edition of "Hoda and Jenna" to talking about the beneficial effects of slowing it down.

"We don't have a culture that just says it's OK to rest in this moment,'' Maria said. "It's so good for your entire health."

CS and Feminism - Cyberfeminism: Artificial Intelligence and the Unconscious Biases.

Hello, I am Himanshi Parmar, student of MK Bhavnagar University. This blog i have written as a response to Thinking Activity, Which is a Part of my academic Work. Which we get after each unit. In this blog, i am going to discuss about what is cyberfeminism and Artificial Intelligence and the Unconscious Biases.

Definition and meaning of Cyberfeminism.

Cyberfeminism is a Social and artistic practices on the net with feminist ideological content. Feminist movement interpreting the evolution of cybernetics as allowing the development of a culture in which inequalities are eradicated and traditional gender relations and stereotypes are defied (for instance, through the experimentation with gender identities or the creation of sisterhood networks on the Internet), empowering women and marking a shift away from their traditional symbolic representation as technologically ignorant.

Third definition of Cyberfeminism is, "Discipline within feminism that sees cyberspace and virtual reality as neutral realms in terms of gender. This school of thought visions a society beyond gendered bodies where women can communicate and act outside the restrictions imposed by patriarchal societies."

Origin

The term cyberfeminism was coined by VNS Matrix (read Venus Matrix), an ustralian artist collective active between 1991 and 1997, who, inspired by Donna Haraway's Cyborg Manifesto, wrote the Cyberfeminist Manifesto for the 21st Century.Their art was a “mission to hijack the toys from technocowboys and remap cyberculture with a feminist bent” (Schaffer 1999:150) and as such was concerned with subverting the perceived androcentrism of new technologies, for instance by re-imagining “the clitoris [as] a direct line to the matrix“.

Cyberfeminism

Cyberfeminism could imagine ways of linking the historical and philosophical practices of feminism to contemporary feminist projects and networks both on and off the Net, and to the material lives and experiences of women in the integrated circuit, taking full account of age, race, class, and economic differences.For example: Cyberfeminism can be a critique at equality in cyberspace, challenge the gender stereotype in the cyberspace, examine the gender relationship in cyberspace, examine the collaboration between human and technology, examine the relationship between women and technology and more.

Cyberfeminism arose partly as a reaction to "the pessimism of the 1980s feminist approaches that stressed the inherently masculine nature of techno-science", a counter movement against the 'toys for boys' perception of new Internet technologies. According to a text published by Trevor Scott Milford, another contributor to the rise of cyberfeminism was the lack of female discourse and participation online concerning topics that were impacting women. As cyberfeminist artist Faith Wilding argued: "If feminism is to be adequate to its cyberpotential then it must mutate to keep up with the shifting complexities of social realities and life conditions as they are changed by the profound impact communications technologies and techno science have on all our lives.Donna Haraway is the inspiration and genesis for cyberfeminism with her 1985 essay "A Cyborg Manifesto: Science, Technology, and Socialist-Feminism in the Late Twentieth Century" which was reprinted in Simians, Cyborgs and Women: The Reinvention of Nature (1991).Cyberfeminism is considered a predecessor to networked feminism. Cyberfeminism also has a relationship to the field of feminist science and technology studies.

Cyberfeminism intends to empower women by making them assured while reclaiming space around them as it is another extension of the feminist theory and practice. Beginning from the premise that women have the right to social, political and economic equality and the fact that feminist theory and practice is essential in exposing and disrupting the sexist, racist, heterosexist, classist, and ableist.

TED TALK by Kriti Sharma.

Watch the video here,

Here i have referred Ted Talk of Kriti Sharma about how to keep human biases out of everything. The talk is about AL and biases, she also included her personal experience. We have technology like Alexa and Siri, which has women voice and we keep giving them different works like to sing, talk, switch on the fan and this that. Which is quite problematic that why they use women voice in making working model, and not man. Where eles when we talk about robots that help to make decision,full of ideas, and working at some authentic, respectable place, it always has male voice. When children grows up looking it they creats biases about the work distribution of male and female.

Also Kriti Sharma told about the technology that made by White people. They always creat people like them white with silky, smooth hair. While black people are they put into datk light and inferior. Here we find racism and AL biases.

Loomba also discussed about,solutions for this major issues gives three points that are,

1. Be aware of our own biases.

2. Make sure that diverse team is making technolocame 

3. Give AI diverse experience and atmosphere to learn from.

This how she pointed out how AL filled with gender biases. The technology and AL are also human creation, so unconsciously it came into gender biases.

TED TALK by Robin Hauser

Watch the video here,

Robin Hauser focuses on ‘Can we protect AI from our Biased?’

Further Robin Hauser try to make sure the solutions of AL biases. It is very important to take the problem of AL biases seriously. If we not find the solution today, then must just like our society, AL and other technology will also become biased. In today's world we have decided the role of men and women in society and that behavior, that role we are inputting into AL and technology also, that will going to be so problematic.

Since childhood child often taught what their role are, for example whenever any guest come our home, the work of giving them water that said to girl only not boy even they are sitting together. There is relatable interesting rhymes in hindi,

Thus to conclude we can say that if the biases overpowered technology and AL, it will take decades to get bias free.

I hope my blog will be helpful to you. Thank you.

Future of Postcolonial studies.

Hello, I am Himanshi Parmar, student of MK Bhavnagar University. This blog i have written as a response to Thinking Activity, Which is a Part of my academic Work. Which we get after each unit. In this blog, i am going to discuss about two articles 1)In Globalisation working with whom and what it is important, and 2)We had to live with that here for 500 years, and now we want to be our own masters.' Also in this blog i have mentioned sevaral examples.

What is postcolonial studies?

One prominent definition for postcolonialism is that it involves a studied engagement with the experience of colonialism and its past and present effects, both at the local level of ex-colonial societies and at the level of more general global developments thought to be the after-effects of empire.

According to Oxford Dictionary,

"Post colonial studies are the political or cultural condition of a former colony."

Another definition given is,

"Postcolonialism is a theoretical approach in various disciplines that is concerned with the lasting impact of colonization in former colonies."

Postcolonial theory is a body of thought primarily concerned with accounting for the political, aesthetic, economic, historical, and social impact of European colonial rule around the world in the 18th through the 20th century.

What is Globalization?

Globalization is a term used to describe how trade and technology have made the world into a more connected and interdependent place. Globalization also captures in its scope the economic and social changes that have come about as a result.

Globalization is the word used to describe the growing interdependence of the world's economies, cultures, and populations, brought about by cross-border trade in goods and services, technology, and flows of investment, people, and information.

Globalization means the speedup of movements and exchanges (of human beings, goods, and services, capital, technologies or cultural practices) all over the planet. One of the effects of globalization is that it promotes and increases interactions between different regions and populations around the globe. It's a national policy of treating the whole world as a proper sphere for political influence compare imperialism, internationalism.

1) Globalization and the Future of Postcolonial Studies – Ania Loomba – Colonialism/Postcolonialism – 2nd Edition

The Future of Postcolonial Studies celebrates the twenty-fifth anniversary of the publication of The Empire Writes Back by the now famous troika - Bill Ashcroft, Gareth Griffiths and Helen Tiffin. When The Empire Writes Back first appeared in 1989, it put postcolonial cultures and their post-invasion narratives on the map. This vibrant collection of fifteen chapters by both established and emerging scholars taps into this early mapping while merging these concerns with present trends which have been grouped as: comparing, converting, greening, post-queering and utopia.

The postcolonial is a centrifugal force that continues to energize globalization, transnational, diaspora, area and queer studies. Spanning the colonial period from the 1860s to the present, The Future of Postcolonial Studies ventures into other postcolonies outside of the Anglophone purview. In reassessing the nation-state, language, race, religion, sexuality, the environment, and the very idea of 'the future,' this volume reasserts the notion that postcolonial is an "anticipatory discourse" and bears testimony to the driving energy and thus the future of postcolonial studies.

Topics covered include globalization, new grassroots movements (including Occupy Wall Street), the environmental crisis, and the relationship between Marxism and postcolonial studies. Loomba also discusses how ongoing struggles such as those of indigenous peoples, and the enclosure of the commons in different parts of the world shed light on the long histories of colonialism. This edition also has extensive discussions of temporality, and the relationship between premodern, colonial and contemporary forms of racism. This books includes:key features of the ideologies and history of colonialism.The relationship of colonial discourse to literature

anticolonial thought and movements.Challenges to colonialism, including anticolonial discourses

recent developments in postcolonial theories and histories.Issues of sexuality and colonialism, and the intersection of feminist and postcolonial thoughtthe relationship of activist struggles and scholarship.Colonialism/Postcolonialism is the essential introduction to a vibrant and politically charged area of literary and cultural study. It is the ideal guide for students new to colonial discourse theory, postcolonial studies or postcolonial theory as well as a reference for advanced students and teachers.

Michael Hardt and Antonio Negri’s Empire says that the con-temporary global order has produced a new form of sovereignty that should be called ‘Empire’ but which is best understood in contrast toEuropean empires. Here is original line from it,

In contrast to imperialism, Empire establishes no territorial center of power and does not rely on fixed boundaries or barriers. It is a decen-tered and deterritorializing apparatus of rule that progressively incor-porates the entire global realm within its open, expanding frontiers.Empire manages hybrid identities, flexible hierarchies, and plural exchanges through modulating networks of command. The distinct national colors of the imperial map of the world have merged and blended in the imperial global rainbow.(Hardt and Negri 2000: xiii–xiii)

Another is  P. Sainath who observe fostering ideological openness, has resulted in its own fundamentalism, which then catalyzes others in reaction, he said that,

Market fundamentalism destroys more human lives than any other simply because it cuts across all national, cultural, geographic, reli-gious and other boundaries. It’s as much at home in Moscow as inMumbai or Minnesota. A South Africa – whose advances in the early1990s thrilled the world – moved swiftly from apartheid to neo-liberal-ism. It sits as easily in Hindu, Islamic or Christian societies. And it contributes angry, despairing recruits to the armies of all religious fundamentalisms. Based on the premise that the market is the solu-tion to all the problems of the human race, it is, too, a very religious fundamentalism. It has its own Gospel: The Gospel of St. Growth, of St. Choice.

(2001: n.p.)

The article ends with the discussion about globalization and Ecocriticism. It discussing about how multinational companies making us colonized. It is also discussed about the rebellion against this colonization by suppressed / colonized people. Here are some examples of it.

Examples

1) Lagaan

In this movie Britishers charged lots of money to village people even if there is Famishment.Villagers rebel against it and play cricket with them with the conditions that if they win the Britishers let go their tax but if they loose they have to pay double tax. The story is about Colonizers and colonized conflicts.

2) Reluctant Fundamentalism

This movie is about conflict between religious fundamentalist and market fundamentalism. The film includes higher - fire policies of multinational companies, And it's dangers. Another thing they included was 9/11 attack and Muslim's situation in America after the attack.

2) Future of Postcolonial Studies – Ania Loomba Colonialism/Postcolonialism - 3rd Edition

Many famous post colonial scholars gave their views in this article. Such as Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak claims that,

‘No longer have a postcolonial perspective. I think postcolonial is the day before yesterday’ (Spivak 2013: 2). Along with it some postcolonial critics wrote about environmental studies, for example Dipesh Chakrabarty, ‘readings in theories of globalization, Marxist analysis of capital, subaltern studies, and postcolonial criticism over the last twenty-five years’ have not prepared him for the task of analyzing the ‘planetary crisis of climate change’ (2009: 199).

Ramachandra Guha and JuanMartínez-Alier (1997) point out, is evident in American environmentalism and its obsession with the wilderness.further Rob Nixon  notes that this wilderness obsession is celebrated in American literature as well as in natural history, where ‘There is a durable tradition … of erasing the history of colonized peoples through the myth of the empty lands. … a prodigious amount of American environmental writing and criticism. Then later Vilashini Cooppan points out

that from its inception [there is] a prevailing version of postcolonial studies in the United States that so embraces its aura of ‘new work’ and its dual allegiances to high theory and a rather reified, distanced, and monolithic ‘Third World literature’ that it largely estranges itself from the individual and collection histories of several important allied traditions such as American studies, Native-American studies, African-American studies, Asian-American studies, Latino studies, and Gay and Lesbian studies (Cooppan 1999: 7)

Rosa Luxemburg further said about revised Marx. "Its predominant methods are colonial policy, an international loan system, a policy of spheres of interest—and war. Force, fraud, oppression, looting are openly displayed without any attempt at concealment,and it requires an effort to discover within this tangle of political violence and contests of power the stern laws of the economic process." (1951: 452).

David Harvey suggests that we redefine ‘primitive accumulation’ as ‘accumulation by dispossession’ (2005: 144). Harvey points out that All the features of primitive accumulation that Marx mentions have remained powerfully present with capitalism’s historical geography until now. Displacement of peasant populations and the formation of a landless proletariat has accelerated in countries such as Mexico and India in the last three decades, many formerly common property resources, such as water, have been privatised (often at World Bank insistence) … alternative (indigenous and even, in the case of the United States, petty commodity) forms of production and consumption have been suppressed. Nationalised industries have been privatised.Family farming has been taken over by agribusiness. And slavery has not disappeared (particularly in the sex trade).(Harvey 2005: 145–46)

German Carl Schmitt's views are, ‘open’ spaces in which the activity of European nations proceeded unrestrained: first, an immeasurable space of free land—the New World, America, the land of freedom i.e., land free for appropriation by Europeans—where the ‘old’ law was not in force; and second, the free sea—the newly discovered oceans conceived by the French,Dutch and English to be a realm of freedom.(Schmitt 2003: 94).

Chittaroopa Palit, NBA leader said that,

Though international political factors, such as the character of the governments involved, the existence of able support groups in the North that play an important part, they cannot supplant the role of a mass movement struggling on the ground. Soon after the SPD government in Berlin refused a guarantee to Siemens, the German multinational, for building the dam in Maheshwar, it agreed to underwrite the company’s involvement in the Tehri dam in the Himalayas and the catastrophic Three Gorges Dam in China—both just as destructive as the Narmada project; but in neither instance were there strong mass struggles on the ground. 

(Palit) 

Examples

1) “Tatvamasi” by Dhruv Bhatt

The book was written when NBD took place. It is required for writers to speak out about injustice, And that's the moral duety of them.but in this book Dhruv Bhatt keep silence about Narmada Bachao Andolan. It's a a escape of them. Just like the romantic era writers Dhruv Bhatt also just glorify beauty of nature. Not what is needed and required.

I hope my blog will be helpful to you. Thank you.

assignment paper - 205 (Semester - 3)

Power in cultural studies

Name - Himanshi Parmar

Semester - 3 (Three)

Roll Number - 8

Email. Id. - himanshiparmar3004@gmail.com

Enrollment number - 4069206420210025

Paper number - 205

Paper name - Cultural Studies 

Subject Code - 22410

What is Culture?

According to the Oxford Dictionary, “Culture is the arts and other manifestations of human intellectual achievement regarded collectively”.

2} “Culture is the ideas, customs, and social behaviour of a particular people or society”.

The 19th-century English anthropologist Edward Burnett Tylor in the first paragraph of his Primitive Culture (1871) gave the definition of culture. For him, “Culture . . . is that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society.”

Culture encompasses religion, food, what we wear, how we wear it, our language, marriage, music and is different all over the world.Culture is the characteristics and knowledge of a particular group of people, encompassing language, religion, cuisine, social habits, music and arts. Thus culture is considered as shared patterns of behaviors and interactions, cognitive constructs and understanding that are learned by socialization. Thus, culture can be seen as the growth of a group identity fostered by social patterns unique to the group. 

There are many countries Like US, India, France, Italy, Germany, Russia, China etc that are world famous for their rich culture, Their customs, tradition, food, music, and art. That led many tourists to visit the place.The word "culture" derives from a French term, which in turn derives from the Latin "colere," which means to tend to the earth and grow, or cultivation and nurture, according to Arthur Asa Berger(opens in new tab). De Rossi said that,

"It shares its etymology with a number of other words related to actively fostering growth."

What is Cultural Studies?

According to the Oxford dictionary,

“Cultural Studies are The critical analysis of the texts and practices of everyday life in contemporary society. an interdisciplinary enterprise involving both the humanities and the social sciences.”

Cultural study is a field that deals with the study of culture and its impact on society.Cultural Studies is considered as an interdisciplinary field, that is based on theories and practices from a range of humanities and social sciences disciplines, that needs to investigate the ways in which cultures produce and are produced. A host of questions sits at the centre of Cultural Studies, such as what constitutes a text, how some texts, visual images, and cultural artifacts come to be valued over others, and how questions of value relate to the distribution of power and authority.Cultural Studies focusing on the whole complex of changing beliefs, ideas, feelings, values, and symbols that define a community’s organization and sense of itself.

Cultural studies first introduced in Britain in the late 1950s and later on spread internationally, notably to the United States and Australia. Cultural studies originally identified with the Center for Contemporary Cultural Studies at the University of Birmingham that founded in 1964, with such scholars as Richard Hoggart, Stuart Hall, and Raymond Williams, etc. cultural studies now became a well-established field in many academic institutions. Cultural studies has its broad influence in various subjects like sociology, anthropology, historiography, literary criticism, philosophy, and art criticism. But the central concerns of cultural studies are the place of race or ethnicity, class, and gender in the production of cultural knowledge.Cultural studies were originated and developed by british marxist academics in late 1950s,1960s,1970s.The core idea of cultural studies is to look into social organization and to study as well as construction of their everyday lives.

There are four main goals in Cultural Studies, 1] Interdisciplinary, 2] Means of Production, 3] Political engagement, 4] Denies separation of ‘High’ and ‘Low’ or ‘Elite’ and ‘Popular’ culture.Cultural studies is related to many other fields like, Marxism, Feminist theory, Ethnography, Structuralism, Post colonialism, Social theory, Political theory, History, Philosophy, Literary theory, Media theory, Communication studies etc.

Power in Cultural studies

Before understanding the role of power in cultural studies, it is very important to understand the meaning of power. So here are the two definitions of power given by the Oxford Dictionary,

1}"power is the ability or capacity to do something or act in a particular way".

2} "The capacity or ability to direct or influence the behavior of others or the course of events.”

Power is a central concept in cultural studies. It is the idea that all things are socially constructed and that power is a central concept in social life. In a way Society is all about power position, where one is ruling and other are obliging. Power is the ability of its holder to make other individuals obedient on whatever basis in some social relationship. In Foucault's theories power is not only seen as brute physical force or faced in one single direction, but working net-like creating counterforces.

We can consider power as relations between people with different roles and statuses within society.The power positions are always seen as dynamic, where one power holder is always being replaced by another. Power can show different aspects of human interaction, either it is power of politics or economical power. a cultural group's size and strength influences their power over a region, area, or other groups. Cultural power lends itself to social power that influences people's lives by controlling the prevailing norms or rules and making individuals adhere to the dominant culture voluntarily or involuntarily. There are six Powers in Cultural studies,

1] Physical Power

2] Wealth

3] State Action

4] Social Norms

5]Ideas

6] Numbers (Quantity)

1] Physical power

Physical forces are mainly those who comes with physical ability to threat and to beat people.physical power is central to this interest. This is the power that intentionally and physically affects a person contrary to his will, one oriented not towards influencing, changing, or altering his choice, his will, but to directly opposing it physically. In Physical power, those who are more capable physically, more healthy are in the power. They have capability to supress, rule and to threat people.

Patriarchy is also example of physical power. Men and women have almost qual in numbers in the world, But still we have patriarchy. Because men are physically more powerful than women. The clash between men and women we find in many films also. For example 'Kabhi Khushi Kabhi Gum', 'Bajirao Mastani' etc. In kabhi khushi Kabhi Gum movie, we find Amitabh Bachhan in the leading role who is the main in his house and no one able to point out him wrong even if he actually has. His wife and even his mother have been not allowed to ask or to tell anything, that showing how physical power working. Similarly we find in Bajirao Mastani movie, where Bajirao has more physical power than Mastani and Kashibai (His Wife), Kashibai is not able to raise her voice when she found her husband has an affair with Mastani. Not only Kashibai but no one from his state able to raise their voice against 'peshva'(Bajirao). And the reason is his physical power.

From this we can understand that physical ability are concerned with power. Those who has more physical power are in power.

2] Wealth

Money in today's world is power holder. But it is important to know that what is money,Money, according to economists, is a medium of exchange, store of value, unit of account. To which other social sciences might add, it is a source of status and social prestige, a provider of physical and psychological security, a contributing factor to human welfare and well-being, a basis for military strength, a source of public influence and political power.Money is one of the greatest inventions of all time. Like language, money is not a thing in itself but rather a social organization designed to promote and facilitate interaction and interchange between human beings over space and time.

 Those who have more money, are consider as a powerful. We have one famous narration that we often heard many times that, ‘Money can buy anything’. Money comes to represent the overall power of society to achieve its varied goals in all spheres of life. Without money, modern society is inconceivable. Money plays a central role in economics today.Money is a remarkable human invention, a mental symbol, a social organization and a means for the application and transfer of social power for accomplishment.

Time and again Dilogues which showing importance of money are coming in our Films and literature also. There are several films like Murder - 2, Ishq,Agneepath which showing importance of money by their dilogues. We have one dilogue in film murder - 2 by Emraan Hashmi,

"“Bhagwan ke pehle ya baad agar koi cheez hai; toh woh hai dhan, daulat, rokda; imaandari ka certificate nahi”.

Another dilogue we find in movie Agneepath (2012) by Sanjay Dutt,

“Aaj ke jeevan ka doosra naam hai; rokda, paisa, maal”.

Not only olin movies we find the important of money, but also in literature we have several examples that are showing importance of money for example novel 'The Great Gatsby' is based on power of money and industrialism. Gatsby lost her lover when he was poor also got no respect, but when he became reach, he earned money, the entire city started joining him into the weekend parties organized by him, also he get his lover back but at the end we find he lost her and died because the husband of her lover holds more money than Gatsby. This how money shapes the life and fate of people. One dilogue from The Great Gatsby' Novel is prominent here,

"You need wealth, the more the better, to win over the object of your desire".

Modern capitalist theory is traditionally traced to the 18th-century treatise An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations by Scottish political economist Adam Smith, and the origins of capitalism as an economic system can be placed in the 16th century. If we analize capitalist pyramid, we find money holds the position above all. That is showing power of money.

Money

|

King/Government

|

Law

|

Military

|

Upper Class

|

Working Class

3] State Action

Each State has several special powers, Powers of law and government which all should have to obey compulsory. State power are not static, ut is changing from one to another with time. State action is related to politics. Those who hold upper position in politics, that hold all the power, below them, the power distributed according to positions. For example in India, prime minister and President has more power than others, then we have Chief Ministers of various states below them, then ministers and other government employees from first class, then second and third accordingly.

Main work of state is to shape people's behavior. But while doing this, sometimes position holders controls people rights and behavior. The best example we have of it is George Orwell's Novel Nineteen Eighteen Four (1984). In which we find how government encroached people's basic Rights and supress them. There is one famous quote from George Orwell's Novel Nineteen Eighteen Four,

"Power is in tearing human minds to pieces and putting them together again in new shapes of your own choosing."

This how power in politics works, and those who try to go against the state power and rules, has been punished. For example Bollywood Movie 'Nayak'. When the hero try to raise his voice in Interview with politician, she forced to be silent and when he did better work than the politician as abone day chief Minister, he punished or we can say tortured by Politician as the electricity, water connection, telephone line, everything cut down. Also state holder broke their house. This how state action has a power to destroy or to built. State action holds the power.

4] Social Norms

Human are social beings, they are living into society.A society is a group of individuals that involved in persistent social interaction, or a large social group which sharing the same spatial or social territory, typically subject to the same political authority and dominant cultural expectations.The term "society" came from the 12th century French société (meaning 'company').This was in turn from the Latin word societas, which in turn was derived from the noun socius ("comrade, friend, ally"; adjectival form socialis) used to describe a bond or interaction between parties that are friendly, or at least civil. Human beings are a social species that relies on cooperation to survive and thrive. Understanding how and why cooperation succeeds or fails is integral to solving the many global challenges we face.Social norms can mold our views, thoughts and behavior in certain way that one can not dare to disobey.

Since childhood it was taught to us that how to behave, how to sit, how to live, what to speak. It all are the lessons taught by our elders, in society elders are holding a power. Also in social norms experienced people are the power holders. If any of them disobey that norms they get Defamation and insult as punishment. Also sometimes they banished from society. With time the norms and rules are changing in society, it is not static at all. So it might be not crime today which at once considered as a crime. For example Intercaste marriages.

5] Ideas

Ideas and creativity are considered as a power. Those who has uniqueness and a fond of ideas are became powerful. who are rich in Ideas can easily undertake those who haven't capable to think so much. We also have one famous proverb in Hindi,

 “अक्कल बड़ी या भैंस”.

It is showing how importance of thought and uniqueness required to overpower other who have no ideas and creativity. As a example we can take website makers, for example Facebook maker, Instagram maker and other website makers that are popular. We find they earning millions of rupees because of their unique idea and their creation. Similarly if we see Social influencers / Social media users that have thousands of followers, they all are people who have creative mind in comparison of others and that's why they are influencing millions of people, they are making trends,which followed by other people blindly, that is showing the power if idea and uniqueness and creativity.

6] Numbers (quantity)

If huge number of people thinking in a one particular way then it will easy to do what they want. What is not possible to do alone can be possible in a majority. That's why in our Business world we have importance of teamwork. Not only in Business world but in educational areas, in society and at minor lever in our family also. When people comes together for anything they can will. For example 'Kisan Andolan'. The 2020–2021 Indian farmers' protest was a protest against three farm acts that were passed by the Parliament of India in September 2020.Soon after the acts were introduced, unions began holding local protests, mostly in Punjab. After two months of protests, farmer unions—mainly from Punjab and Haryana—began a movement named Dili Chalo (transl. Let's go to Delhi), in which tens of thousands of farming union members marched towards the nation's capital.On 19 November 2021, the union government decided to repeal the bills, and both houses of Parliament passed the Farm Laws Repeal Bill, 2021 on 29 November. This how government Capitulate front of the large numbers of farmers. That shows the power of quantity.

Three Laws of power and Conclusions 

This are the Six powers in cultural studies. Along weith it we have three laws of power in Cultural studies that are,

1) Power is never static.

2) power is like a water.

3) power Compounds.

All three we can easily understand after understanding six powers in cultural studies. Cultural studies analysing the power and power holders along with the changing positions of power. Because power is never static.

References

“Agneepath 2012 Bollywood Full Movie Hrithik Roshan.” Performance by Sunjay Dutt, and Pryanka Chopra, YouTube, Movies HD, 7 Jan. 2022, https://youtu.be/erjxRyx8gfY.

Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "cultural studies". Encyclopedia Britannica, 26 Jul. 2015, https://www.britannica.com/topic/cultural-studies.

Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "cultural studies". Encyclopedia Britannica, 26 Jul. 2015, https://www.britannica.com/topic/cultural-studies.

Fitzgerald, Francis Scott Key. “The Great Gatsby : F. Scott Fitzgerald : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming.” Internet Archive, אליאס, 25 Apr. 2019, https://archive.org/details/the-great-gatsby_1922/mode/2up.

International Pub. Co., Cleveland, Ohio. File:Pyramid of Capitalist System.jpg. 1911.

assignment paper - 204 (Semester - 3)

Queer theory and Examples.

Name - Himanshi Parmar

Semester - 3 (Three)

Roll Number - 8

Email. Id. - himanshiparmar3004@gmail.com

Enrollment number - 4069206420210025

Paper number - 204

Paper name - Contemporary Western Theories and Film Studies.

Subject Code - 22409

Meaning and Definition of Queer Theory.

   According to Jay Stewart,

"Queer theory and politics necessarily celebrate transgression in the form of visible difference from norms. These 'Norms' are then exposed to be norms, not natures or inevitabilities. Gender and sexual identities are seen, in much of this work, to be demonstrably defiant definitions and configurations."

   In another words Queer Theory subverts traditional institutions of society that are based on the heteronormative model of human sexuality, and acknowledges the broad spectrum of sexuality, sexual orientation, and gender identity.

   Ten years ago 'queer' was a term of abuse; now it is routinely, although controversially, used as self-description. Queer Theory traces the intriguing history of same-sex sex over the last century through the mid-century homophile movements, gay liberation, the women's movement and lesbian feminism to the new concept of queer. Queer can Function as a noun, or an adjective or verb. Though every time it is considered against normal or normalizing. Queer theory is not a singular or systematic conceptual or methodological framework, but a collection of intellectual engagements with the relations between sex, gender and sexual desire.

According to Merriam Webster dictionary,

"Queer criticism is An approach to literary and cultural study that rejects traditional categories of gender and sexuality."

Annamarie Jagose investigates the arguments of the supporters and opponents of queer theory, finding that its strength lies in its potential to question the very idea of sexual identities. By blending insights from contemporary intellectual theories like post-structuralism. Theorists like Judith Butler, Jagose argues that queer theory’s challenge is to create new ways of thinking about not just heterosexuality and homosexuality but also such seemingly given fixed notions as ‘sexuality’ and ‘gender’, even ‘man’ and ‘woman’. Queer Theory demonstrates a radical, exciting new way of analysing human identity itself.

Queer theory is considered as field of critical theory emerged in the early 1990s. The field includes queer studies for example gay and lesbian studies, and women's studies. The term queer has various meanings but majorly it is used for the study and theorisation of gender and sexual practices that exist outside of heterosexuality, and which challenge the notion that heterosexual desire is ‘normal’.

The term was originated by Gloria Anzaldúa and other scholars in the 1990s. They all were influenced by the work of French post structuralist philosopher Michel Foucault. Michel Foucault considered sexuality as a socially constructed and rejected identity politics. First queer theory conference was organized by Teresa de Lauretis in 1990. But his usage of word queer taken as a controversial. David Halperin an early queer theorist also writes in his article "The Normalization of Queer Theory."

LGBTQ in Literature

1 - Vedic literature.

Throughout the vedic literature, the gender of all human beings are divided into three separate parts.according to prakriti or nature. These are: pums-prakriti or male, stri-prakriti or female, and tritiya-prakriti or the third sex.Generally the word “sex” refers to biological sex and “gender” to psychological behavior and identity.

People of the third sex are analyzed in the Kama Sutra and broken down into several categories that are still visible today and generally referred to as gay males and lesbians. While gay males and lesbians are the most prominent members of this category, it also includes other types of people such as transgender and the intersexes. The third sex in Kama sutra is described as a natural mixing or combination of the male and female natures to the point in which they can no longer be categorized as male or female in the traditional sense of the word.

    The example of mixing black and white paint can be used, wherein the resulting color, gray, in all its many shades, can no longer be considered either black or white although it is simply a combination of both. Third-gender citizens were neither persecuted nor denied basic rights. Gay men could either blend into society as ordinary males or they could dress and behave as females, living as transvestites.. Citizens of the third sex represented only a very small portion of the overall population, which most estimates place at approximately 5 percent. In ancient vedic literature we find many third gender characters such as Brihannala and Shikhandi from Mahabharata, and 'Ardhanarishvara'. 

2 - Nineteenth Century

Nineteenth century was the most prominent period for Queer literature. It was less dialect and more subversive. Many writers of the Nineteenth century like Arthur Rimbaud, Walt Whitman, Oscar Wilde, Marcel Proust, Emily Dickinson, and Virginia Woolf etc were known for creating characters with LGBTQ identity in their work. They by their works started spreading awareness for it.

3 - Twentieth Century

In the twentieth century we have many writers who wrote about LGBTQ, such as James Baldwin, Truman Capote, E.M. Forster, Allen Ginsberg, Audre Lorde, Diane di Prima, Adrienne Rich, Thomas Mann, and many more. They brought the third gender into the light. The works of these writers get critical and commercial success.

Examples

1] Orlando - Virginia Woolf

Orlando is a well known novel by Virginia Woolf. The novel revolves around Orlando, a Man in the beginning, who later turns into a woman.Orlando is a wealthy nobleman who is adventurous and artistic. Based on Woolf's real-life love interest Vita Sackville-West, Orlando (like West) has values deeply rooted in his home and in his long and noble ancestry. By changing genders halfway through the novel (from male to female) Orlando is able to reflect upon the differing positions and experiences of each gender.

In the novel he comes as a LGBTQ. The character of Orlando is saying how men and women are assigned different roles in society. What difference in gender made.

2] Oscar Wilde

   Oscar Fingal O'Flahertie Wills Wilde was an Irish poet and playwright. After writing in different forms throughout the 1880s, he became one of the most popular playwrights in London in the early 1890s. Oscar Wilde was considered as first modern Homosexual figure.

Wilde kept his homosexuality a secret. He married and had two sons. But in 1891, Wilde began an affair with Lord Alfred Douglas, a young British poet and aristocrat 16 years his junior.Douglas’ father, the Marquess of Queensberry, was outraged by the relationship and sought to expose Wilde. This caused a public relations nightmare for Wilde. Homosexual acts were a criminal offense in England at the time and remained illegal there until the 1960s.Friends who knew of Wilde’s sexual orientation urged him to flee to France until the storm subsided.On May 25, 1895, Oscar Wilde was taken to prison. He spent the first several months at London’s Pentonville Prison.

3] Virginia Woolf

Adeline Virginia Woolf was an English writer, considered one of the most important modernist 20th-century authors and a pioneer in the use of stream of consciousness as a narrative device. Virginia Woolf's work is much loved and studied, but her intimate relationship with fellow author Vita Sackville-West is rarely more than an overlooked footnote. Yet this relationship was absolutely formative for both women.

“I am reduced to a thing that wants Virginia…It is incredible how essential to me you have become,”

 ~ Vita Sackville

A popular writer herself, Sackville-West was proclaiming her love for Woolf during the most intense years of their romantic relationship in the 1920s. Although both were married to men, the two women penned hundreds of poetic letters to each other, and their relationship would inspire one of Woolf’s most celebrated works, the 1928 novel Orlando. According to smith,

“Their relationship was very passionate and very sexual, even though initially their sexual relationship was downplayed and even ignored.”

while the two women were open about their relationship, it was also during a time when British society was more socially conservative. While male homosexuality in the U.K. was still a criminal offense at the time, there was no equivalent legislation that targeted gay women. However, in 1921, some lawmakers voted to criminalize “sexual acts of gross indecency” between women, although the law was never passed because politicians feared it would encourage women to explore homosexuality. Smith also said that,

“Virginia deeply loved Vita, and she was so happy to recognize in Vita that Vita loved and celebrated women.”

Vita and Virginia both are the best example of queer theory. They both are lesbian. Vita had relations with not only Virginia but also with many other men and women.

Present Relevance

Queer subject in Cinema

Cinema is a representation of society. It is considered as a liberal field among all others. Most of the time every change is very firstly accepted by cinema. And that's why LGBTQ as a subject used in many films.Films have subtle influence on society’s way of thinking. Cinema has undoubtedly contributed a lot to the queer movement in India.Over the years the representation of LGBT community in Hindi cinema has found itself under the scanner. Hindi cinema has witnessed a steady display of LGBT characters, some for comic effect and some, however, stayed true to reality and made an effort to treat the subject in a very sensitive and realistic light.

In old films we find the third gender portrayed to make fun or to create comedy or humour. But in the new era of the 20 and 21 century, third gender or problems of LGBTQ were taken so seriously in film and filmmakers made films that made people aware and positively influenced people. Here are the names of some films that make people aware about LGBTQ's problems.

1- Fire (1996)

2- My Brother Nikhil(2005)

3- Aligarh (2015)

4-Shubh Mangal Jyada Savdhan (2020)

LGBTQ as a social media Influencer

Nowadays social Media became most important part of our daily routine and day to day life. It opens up the world in front of us. Social media has changed the way of communicating and interaction. Social media allows people to create their own profile for the sake to open up themselves and their talent in front of the world. One can easily make a big fan group or influence the group of people by showing what special they have, or their creativity in various fields.

Social media is also helpful to aware people because people are nowadays more addicted to social media so it would affect them strongly. LGBTQ often use social media to inform people about their problems and try to normalize their community. Also they are raising as social Influencers. Here India's first, trending transgender Model. Who influenced thousands of people.

The name of this model is Shekh Khushi, who influenced many and created a place for their community. She Set an example that LGBTQ are also doing all the work and participating in all the fields that are normally considered for men and women. It is completely normal.

Conclusion

Thus to conclude we are able to say that time and again the views have changed about LGBTQ. And somehow positive changes have been found. Cinema and social media play a vital role in spreading awareness. Also Third gender people started taking stands for themselves and raising their voice through various platforms that caused the Reformation.

References

Chaudhary, Harshita S. “Representation of Homosexuals (LGBT) in Indian Literature, Media and Cinema.” Representation of Homosexuals (LGBT) in Indian Literature, Media and Cinema, 24 August 2012. manupatra ARTICLES, https://articles.manupatra.com/article-details/Representation-of-Homosexuals-LGBT-in-Indian-Literature-Media-and-Cinema.

Chugh, Mehak. “A study on the portrayal of different sexualities in Indian cinema and its acceptance in Indian society with special reference to Delhi NCR.” vol. 10, no. 3, 3 March 2022. IJCRT2203379.pdf, https://ijcrt.org/papers/IJCRT2203379.pdf.

Kaur, Pushpinder. “Gender, Sexuality and (Be) longing: The Representation of Queer (LGBT) in Hindi Cinema.” Amity Journal of Media & Communication Studies, vol. 7, 2017.

Lindsay, Jack. “Queer(y)ing Brexit: Sexuality and the Shifting Nature of Remainer and Leaver Worldviews.” E-International Relations, 1 April 2021, https://www.e-ir.info/2021/04/01/queerying-brexit-sexuality-and-the-shifting-nature-of-remainer-and-leaver-worldviews/.

Lipton, Shawna. “QUEER LITERARY CRITICISM AND THE BIOGRAPHICAL FALLACY.” May 2016, https://dc.uwm.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2176&context=etd.

“Queer Theory, Annamarie Jagose — Melbourne University Publishing.” Melbourne University Press, 31 May 2013, https://www.mup.com.au/books/queer-theory-electronic-book-text.

Roy, Lachmi Deb. “Pride Month| Queer representation in Indian cinema; how far have we gone-Entertainment News.” Firstpost, 27 June 2022, https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/pride-month-queer-representation-in-indian-cinema-how-far-have-we-gone-10840181.html.

Sabala, Stephanie. “The Perception of LGBTQ Influencers on Social Media.” LGBTQ INFLUENCERS, 8 May 2020.

assignment paper - 203 (Semester - 3)

The Madwoman in the Attic : Annette - Antoinette

Name - Himanshi Parmar

Semester - 3 (Three)

Roll Number - 8

Email. Id. - himanshiparmar3004@gmail.com

Enrollment number - 4069206420210025

Paper number - 203

Paper name - Postcolonial Studies 

Subject Code - 22408

Meaning of Madwoman in the Attic

   Attic means Cage. 'The Madwoman in the Attic: The Woman Writer and the Nineteenth-Century Literary Imagination' is a well known book by Sandra Gilbert and Susan Gubar written in 1979. The Book examine Victorian literature from a feminist perspective.Title of this book taken from Charlotte Brontë's Jane Eyre, in which Rochester's wife (née Bertha Mason) is kept secretly locked in an attic apartment by her husband.

    The book also examines female writers like Jane Austen, Mary Shelley, Charlotte Brontë, Emily Brontë, George Eliot, Elizabeth Barrett Browning, Christina Rossetti and Emily Dickinson etc.According to Sandra Gilbert and Susan Gubar,Women writers of the 19th century were forced to portray female characters as either embodying the "angel" or the "monster”.Against this mentality , Sandra Gilbert and Susan Gubar point to Virginia Woolf , who said that,

“Women writers must "kill the aesthetic ideal through which they themselves have been ‘killed' into art ".

Susan and Sandra also wrote about ,"anxiety of authorship”, that nineteenth century women writers faced. Sandra M. Gilbert in his book 'The Madwoman in the Attic: The woman writer and The Nineteenth-Century literary imagination.' Mentioned one most prominent quote, here it is.

"A life of feminine submission , ‘Contemplative purity,' is a life of silence , a life that has no pen and no story, while a life of female rebellion, of 'significant action,' is a life that must be silenced, a life whose monstrous pen tells a terrible story."

About Wide Sargasso Sea

Wide Sargasso sea is the prequel of Charlotte Brontë's novel ‘Jane Eyre’.Wide Sargasso Sea is a well known novel by Dominican-British author Jean Rhys written in 1966. The novel was first published in October 1966 in the English language. The novel is about Mr. Rochester's marriage from the point-of-view of his wife Antoinette Cosway, a Creole heiress.Antoinette Cosway is Rhys's version of Brontë's devilish "madwoman in the attic". The novel Set in Jamaica, Dominica and Thornfield Hall, 1830s–40s. Genre of the novel is Postmodern novel. Major Characters of the novel are 1-Edward Rochester, 2- Antoinette Cosway, 3 -Christophine, 4- Annette Cosway 5 - Daniel Cosway etc.

Wide Sargasso Sea is a story of Antoinette Cosway, wife of a rich man named Mr. Rochester. The story starts from her youth in Jamaica, later leading to her unhappy marriage life with Mr. Rochester, an English Gentleman. Who later took her to England, and tortured her by implying fake identity of 'Bertha' on her. He isolated her in his mansion to her.Antoinette is caught in a patriarchal society in which she fully belongs neither to Europe nor to Jamaica. Major themes of the novel are race, Caribbean history, and assimilation, relationship between men and women etc.

The Madwoman in the Attic : 

1- Annette Conwa

   Annette Cosway is the mother of Antoinette Cosway. Our protagonist of the novel. She functions in the novel as an awful shadow of what's to come for her daughter. She was widowed and remarried to a rich man, Mr. Mason. After the death of her husband she gets financially unstable and she wanted financial stability in her life to raise their childrens. But she never got satisfaction in her married life. They always had quarrels and disagreements from each other. That affected her mentally. Creates trauma in her.

   There was an attack on her home by black people and burned their house. In that incident she lost his dear son Pierre. Pierre died in a fire in their house. Also the favourite parrot of Annette Cosway burned in the fire. All these things are enough to make her mad. She got insane because of all this mental trauma and suffering. After losing her mental health she was attacked by her Husband and then her husband caged in his own Attic apartment. After the burning of her house, she has no good views about Black people. Here is one quote related to it.

"You have lived alone far too long, Annette. You imagine enmity which doesn’t exist. Always one extreme or the other. Didn’t you fly at me like a little wild cat when I said nigger. Not nigger, nor even negro. Black people I must say... they’re too damn lazy to be dangerous, I know that.’

‘They are more alive than you are, lazy or not, and they can be dangerous and cruel for reasons you wouldn’t understand."

(Annette to Mr. Mason)

She also got abused by her own caretaker black servant, of which Antoinette became a witness. She has been proven as a Madwoman in the Attic, And died in a very suspenseful way as it is not clearly mentioned in the novel what is the real reason of her death. Here, not just the house became Attic for her in which she was caged, but for an unhappy marriage life, society and financial problems are Attic, which caged her within the boundaries and made her insane.

2- Antoinette Cosway

Antoinette Cosway is the female protagonist of the novel. And daughter of Annette Cosway. The daughter of ex-slave owners and the story's principal character, based on the madwoman Bertha from Charlotte Brontë's gothic novel Jane Eyre. She was Happy, Jolly but Lonely girl in the beginning of the novel. Here is one quote indicating that,

"There is no looking glass here and I don't know what I am like now. I remember watching myself brush my hair and how my eyes looked back at me. The girl I saw was myself yet not quite myself. Long ago when I was a child and very lonely I tried to kiss her. But the glass was between us—hard, cold and misted over with my breath. Now they have taken everything away. What am I doing in this place and who am I?"

Since childhood she has had an unstable life. And that's the reason for her madness later on. She witnessed abuse of her mother in her teenage, that affected her little mind so strongly. She got married to a English gentleman named Mr. Rochester. She got forced to marry him because she has a large fortune from her mother and she needs someone who takes care of it. Because in the Victorian era people believed that women are not capable of handling fortune. They need men's support. Here we find patriarchy.

Beginning period of their marriage is considered as a Honeymoon period in the novel. They were happy in the beginning. But after that they got clashes. Mr. Rochester started doubting Antoinette. When he came to know that Antoinette's mother was insane from the brother of Antoinette. He started believing that she was also getting these symptoms of madness. Mr. Rochester and Antoinette both are totally different in their behavior, lifestyle, speaking tone and in everything. Antoinette are more fascinated with black people around them like Christophine, but Mr. Rochester has racism as he is from England, and has all the British habits. Antoinette's behavior time and again became intolerable for Mr. Rochester, and finally he concluded that she has symptoms of madness like her mother. He srated torturing her. Started calling her, 'Bertha'. She protests that Bertha is not her name but he continues calling her Bertha which is similar to making someone into someone else. 

“Bertha is not my name. You are trying to make me into someone else, calling me by another name. I know, that’s obeah too.”

Antoinette wasn't mad, the madness was implied by Rochester. He abuse her sexually and mentally. Also he started ignoring her, his lack of attention broke Antoinette from within. Rochester also betrayed her by making physical relations with a black girl. Antoinette's loneliness led her towards hallucinations and madness. Mr. Rochester later on took Antoinette to England and locked her in his Attic apartment under the care of Grace Poole.Delusional and paranoid, Antoinette awakes from a vivid dream and sets out to burn down the house of Rochester.

“I will write my name in fire red, Antoinette Mason, née Cosway, Mount Calvary Convent, Spanish Town, Jamaica, 1839.”

 Here, we find Antoinette wasn't mad since beginning but the madness was implied on her by her own husband. She also came here as a madwoman in the Attic. Now let us see other literary works in which we have characters like Annette and Antoinette, Madwomen in the Attic.

Literary relevance

1] Ophelia

Ophelia is the female protagonist of the well known drama Hamlet written by William Shakespeare. She has had a confused kind of personality since the beginning. She always relies on male around her. In the beginning her father, then her brother and at last Prince Hamlet, her lover. She is not capable of doing anything alone. This we came know by her dialogue to his father,

 “I do not know, my lord, what I should think”

(Hamlet,Shakespeare).

After the death of her father by her own beloved Prince Hamlet she had a deep mental breakdown. She is also abandoned by her lover.Ophelia’s madness is driven by the loss of the male influences in her life. Heather Brown says that,

Ophelia “is Polonius' pawn, Laertes' chaste sister, and Hamlet's lover. Once these male influences are removed and these descriptions no longer define Ophelia, she loses her identity and becomes mad.”

2] Pecola

Pecola is Female Protagonist of the 'bluest Eye' a well known novel by Toni Morrison. Pecola is an eleven-year-old girl with black skin. She is black girl who believes that she is ugly and that having blue eyes would make her beautiful. Her madness was driven by an unhealthy family environment. Her mother and father have quarrels all the time. She also got abused by her own father and when her mother came to know about this she didn't believe her and beat her. Her mother often calls her “nasty little black bitch” by his mother.

She also has many problems. She was harassed by her trusted friend. And got pregnant by his own father. At last she lost her newborn child and that's enough to lead her to madness. Here for her Attic is her complexion, her family environment and the white society around her.

Conclusion

Thus to conclude we can say that Annette and Antoinette are just an example of Madwomen in the Attic. There are many other examples we have in literature like Pecola and Ophelia. We also have an example of Virginia Woolf who has also gone insane because of social pressure. So for her society became Attic. In current times also we find many examples and that's the reason why people started caring for their mental health. Not only people but health center and government are also care for one's mental health and feminism. Government made rules to protest women rights and mental health.

References

American Medical Association Diagnostic and Treatment Guideline on Domestic Violence. 1 Sept. 1992.

 Brown ,Heather. “Gender and Identity in Hamlet.” Share and Discover Knowledge on SlideShare, Palindromo, 16 May 2014, https://www.slideshare.net/kimberlyprzybysz/gender-and-identity-in-hamlet.

Chapman, James, editor. Now Domestic Violence Will Include Metal Torment Too. 

Gilbert, Sandra, and Susan Gubar. “The Madwoman in the Attic : Sandra Gilbert and Susan Gubar : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming.” Internet Archive, Rehab Shaban, 20 May 2013, https://archive.org/details/TheMadwomanInTheAttic.

Lopes, Sofia. “‘A Document in Madness’: A Study on the Insanity of Shakespeare's Ophelia.” ResearchGate, May 2020, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/341200461_A_Document_in_Madness_A_study_on_the_insanity_of_Shakespeare's_Ophelia.

Rhys, Jean, and Brontë Charlotte. Wide Sargasso Sea. Norton, 2007.

Xiao-yan, WANG, and LIU Xi. “Causes of Pecola’s Tragedy in the Bluest Eye.” Journal of Literature and Art Studies, vol. 4, no. 2, 2014, pp. 85–89., https://doi.org/10.17265/2159-5836/2014.02.002.