Indian Poetics

Hello, I am Himanshi Parmar, student of MK Bhavnagar University. This blog i have written in a response of Thinking Activity, Which is a Part of my academic Work. Which we get after each unit. In this blog, i am have written about Indian Poetics and it's six parts like Rasa, Alamkara, Riti, Devani, Vakrokti, and Aucitya. But before that, let me discuss about what is Indian poetics.

What is Indian poetics ?

Generally indian literature is known as a Indian poetics. As specially the ancient Sanskrit literature like Vedas, Purana, Upnishad, and the poetry. 

Aristotle gave definition of poetics, according to him poetics means Kavya. And Indian poetics means Kavya which is written in India, In Indian language. In Indian poetics we find six schools or theory. 

1) The Rasa theory

2) The Alamkara theory

3) The Dhvani theory

4) The Vakrokti theory

5) The Riti Theory

6) The aucitya theory

1] Rasa Theory :- 

Rasa means emotional state of mind. Rasa theory was established by Bharata. He gave the process of Rasa sequel, for that he wrote that,

विभावानुभावव्यभिचारी संयोगात रसनिष्पति:। 

This sentence taken from sixth part of natyasastra. The sentence made up by four words, 

१) विभाव :- Object

२) अनुभाव :- our response / outer expressions.

३) व्यभिचारी भाव :- Transitory emotions

४) संयोग :- Combination of all this.

In short,When Object, our Emotions and expression comes together, at that time Rasa energize.

According to Bharata, Rasa is of nine kind. 

१) करुण - Sorrow

२) भयानक - Terror

३) रौद्र - Anger

४) शृंगार - रति - love

५) वीर - उत्साह - Energy

६) हास्य - Mirth

७) बिभत्स - जुगुप्सा - Disgust 

८) अदभुत - विस्मय - Astonishment

९) शांत - निर्वेद - Calm

It is believed that, Rasa Theory is superior than all other theories, there are four commenters who wrote something about this Rasa theory of Bharata. Let me discuss them in short.

1) Bhattlollata :-

According to him "नट्ट"(natt) is the only originator of Rasa. To prove his point he gave theory of "उत्पत्तिवाद". 

2) shrishankuka :- 

 Shankuka gave a theory of "अनुमीतिवाद", in it, he wrote that, it is not possible to generate Rasa, because it is all are our illusions. According to Shankuka we can assume the world variously, there are four parts to assume it.

१) सम्यक प्रतिति - as it is

२) मिथ्या प्रतिति - through Illusion.

३) सादृश प्रतिति - Similar of world

४) संशय प्रतिति - through Probability.

3) Bhattanayka :- 

He gave a theory of "साधारणीकरण", means according to Bhattanayka, when one can feel same pain, same happiness, same anger, disgust, joy, as other.at that time rasa origin. Emotional connection is important. Without that you can not feel anything or no rasa will emerge. 

4) AbhinavaGupta :- 

He gave the best reaction on bharata's natyasastra. He wrote treatise named "लोचन". According to him avoy is rasa. you can feel delight in pain, in anger, in sorrow, in disgust, and even in Astonishment. And that is the true rasa out come. 

 This is about Rasa theory. To understand it more clearly (click here)

2] Dhvani theory :- 

Dhvani theory is all about language, it is regarded with a meaning of sentence or word. Power of suggestion, and power of words. It is very important to understand meaning behind what is spoken. It is possible that what is spoken is actually not mean it. But it create a different sense. For example when someone says, YOU ARE A LION. 

The simple meaning we get is the human whom the sentence addresses, is a lion. But it is not possible scientifically. but if we have literary sense, knowledge of language, and understanding of meaning, we can easily assume that the person wants to say that, YOU ARE A BRAVE OR YOU ARE A COURAGEOUS. Language is always a deceivers. And Dhvani is all about language. And it is about how one can interpret it. 

Anandavardhana wrote a treatise, named "Dhvanyavloka", in that he wrote that, Kavya is a result of words and its meaning. He further wrote that, Dhvani is a soul of Kavya. Language don't have meaning of its own. But it is implanted on language. Generally Dhvani means, esoteric meaning of what being told or what being said. Dhvani is divided into two parts,

1) Prakrata Dhvani :- 

Prakrata dhvani is a sound of norms. Or we can say meaning behind meaning. For example if I say, A girl with moon face. Means a girl is beautiful.

2) Vaikrta Dhvani :- 

The actual sound of what is spoken is called vaikrta dhvani. For example if I say, A girl with a moon face. Means a girl has a moon in place of face.

Dhvani is divided into three major types. 

1) Vastu dhvani

2) Alankaara dhvani

3) Rasa dhvani.

Vastu dhvani and Alankaara dhvani can be expressed by direct meaning or by suggestions. But Rasa dhvani is more important. It is not expressed directly. But it come out through emotions or suggestions.

1) vastu dhvani :- 

Sudden blast of meaning.

2) Alankaara dhvani

Alankar make dhvani more beautiful or thriller.

3) Rasa dhvani 

Indirect meaning of sentence. Which is more interesting.

 Mammta explain dhvani in three fold functions.

1) Abhidha

2) Lakshana 

3) Vyanjana

1) Abhidha :- 

 Abhidha means denotation. Which give direct meaning of what is spoken. For example Darkness eats him every day. It simply means darkness eating a man. Which is not possible scientifically but if we look for direct meaning, we get this.

2) Lakshana :- 

Lakshana means indication. or Inferior meaning of what is spoken.where we are not able to take direct meaning, we understand the sentence by inferior meaning. 

3) Vyanjana :-

Vyanjana means suggestions, when we are able to get direct meaning of words and still we don't take it and look for another meaning is called vyanjana.for example, when we say, Darkness eats him every day. It simply means darkness is eating him. But indirect meaning is he is in pain and sorrow. And when we understand this meaning which is not even spoken. that is called vyanjana.

Click here to read more about Dhvani Theory.

3] Vakrokti Theory :- 

Kuntaka a Sanskrit poetician and literary theoriest wrote a treatise named Vakroktijivitam. In which he gave an idea of Vakrokti theory. He gave definition of Vakrokti, 

"विशिष्टभंगीभणिति" - कुंतक

Vakrokti means specifically stated. 

Vakrokti is something which is not told directly, but it gives indirect meaning. Or we can say sometimes it is similar to taunting. According to Kuntaka, beauty is not in directness, but it is in sarcasm. Kuntaka divided Vakrokti into six major types. 

1) phonetic figurativeness (Varnavinyasa vakrata):-  

Repitation of words are called alliteration.in this type we find alliteration in words. For example :- piter piper picked a peck of pickled peppers.

2) Lexical figurativeness :- 

It is also called Padpurvardha vakrata. If a word affects the next word it called Lexical figurativeness. For example, Your Red dress is beautiful. In which red is affecting dress.it is giving a sense that only red dress is beautiful not any other dress.

3) Grammatical figurativeness ( pratyaya vakrata) :-

If the word affects the word before it, that is called pratyaya vakrata. For example, give me your small car to drive. Here, car is affecting the word set before it. Like we can interpret that one can ask for a car only, not for bike, not for truck or anything. Just car.so here car is effecting the words set before it.

4) Sentential figurativeness (Vakyavakrata) :- 

Sometimes a simple sentence become so important because of its meaning. For because of our capability to interpret it variously which is called Sentential figurativeness. For example sometimes some simple film dialogues grab attention of majority. It is because of Vakyavakrata in it. Basically, the sentence which gives some meaning to listeners it is called Sentential figurativeness.

5) Contextual figurativeness ( prakarana vakrata) :- 

Contextual figurativeness is something in which, the sentence or tale is told by someone before but then it interpret newly. Its all about interpretation. For example, literary books which is based on ancient literature like Mahabharata, Ramayana, Vedas, puranas etc.

6) management Curvature (prabanda vakrata) :-

In this, the form of the work is not matter, but the central idea and we can say the core idea is important. And how and in what form people get it that's important.

4] Alamkara theory :- 

Bhamaha give theory of Alamkara in his treatise named "Kavyalankara". He talks about the pleasure of multiplicity of meaning inherent in certain Alamkaras. According to Bhamaha, there is no language without Alamkara. But what is Alamkara and what it's importance in Language or in Indian poetics that we have to see. 

   General meaning of Alamkara is Ornament. Which is wears by women. And Alankara increase the beauty of women. Similarly to increase the beauty of language, people use Alamkara. Alamkara divided into two main types.

1) Shabdalamkara ( Shabda + Alamkara) 

Shabdalamkara is something which increase the value of Words. Or we can say value of sentence and language.

2) Arthalamkara ( Artha + Alamkara )

Arthalamkara increase the value of meaning. 

Shabda alamkara and Artha Alamkara is also divided into parts, Here is the chart of that.

Mammta described Alamkara in sixty-one figures of speech. And divide them all in seven main parts. 

1) Rupaka ( Metaphor)

Example :- He is a walking Encyclopaedia.

2) Upama ( Simile )

This book is as interesting as the book I have read before.

3) Vyatiraeka ( Dissimilitude )

Example :- The diversity of colleges in this country indicates that many levels of ability are being served. 

4) Aprastuta Prasnsa ( Indirect description)

Example :- Her lighthouse smile beckoned across the crowd.

5) Virodha ( Contradiction ) 

Example :- 

1) I am not Himanshi.

2) my name is officially Himanshi.

3) all are know me as Himanshi, accepting my family.

Here sentence two and three is Contradiction for sentence one.

6) Dipaka ( Stringed figure )

7) Samuccaya ( Concatenation )

There are three key figures of In Alamkara, 

1) Bhamaha - Kavyalankara

2) Dandi - Kavyadarsha 

3) Vamana - Kavyalankara Sutra vriti.

5] Riti Theory :-

   Riti school of poetics is represented by Vamana. He wrote treaties named Kavyalankar sutravritti. He also gave definition if Riti. He wrote that, शिलेभवा शैली। means like character like expression. He also wrote that,आकृतिगुणान कथयति।  Means our look can define our merits and fault. He further wrote that, riti is a identity of literature / poetry. And riti is always remain connected with reaction of once after reading or listening.

   In very light way, we can interpret riti as a once own style of writing, speaking, and performing. There is a five theorist who were wrote five treaties.

1) Dandin - Kavyadarsa

In which Dandin gave two categories of riti. 1. Vaidarbhi, 2. Gaudiya. Which is originated from the name of place.

2) Vamana - Kavyalamkarasutra

Vamana gave three categories of riti, Vaidarbhi, Gaudiya, Pancali. Here this three are also origin from the name of place.

3) Kuntaka - Vakroktijivita

In this treaties, Kuntaka gave three Categories of Riti. Sukumara, Vicitra, Madhyama.

4) Mammata - Kavya prakasa

In which Mammata gave three categories of riti. 1. Upanagarika, 2. Prasada, 3. Komala.

5) Anandvardhana - Dhvanyavloka

In Dhvanyavloka, Anandvardhana gave three Categories, 1. Samasa, 2. Madhyamasamasa, dirghasamasa.

This is brief understanding of Riti. Click here to read more about Riti theory.

6] Aucitya Theory :-

Aucitya theory was given by Ksmendra in his treaties entitled Aucityvicaracarca. General meaning of Aucitya is justification, propriety, decency, or Reasonable. But according to Ksmendra Aucitya generally mean poetic Harmony.

Ksmendra wrote that, "Aucitya is the soul of the poem. " Theory of Aucitya is the only theory which is accepted by all poets without any arguments. Ksmendra divided Aucitya in twenty seven types.

1.Pada (Phrase)

2.Vakya( sentence)

3.Prabhandhanartha (the meaning of the whole composition)

4.Guna(qualities)

5.Alankara(poetic figure)

6.Rasa ( State of being)

7.Kriya(Verb)

8.Karaka (case ending)

9.Linga(Gender)

10.Vachana (Number)

11.Visheshana (Qualification)

12.Upsarga (Prefix)

13.Nipata (Redundancies)

14.Kala (Time)

15.Desh (country)

16.Kula (Family)

17.Vrata (custom)

18.Tatva (Truth)

19.Satva(Inherent self)

20.Abhipraya (Motive)

21.Swabhava (Nature)

22.Sarsangraha (essential property)

23.Pratibha (Innate ability)

24.Avastha (state)

25.Vichara(Thought)

26.Nama(Name)

27.Aashirwada(Blessings)

To read more about all this theories. (Click here)

Here is the link of example of all this theories. ( Click here )

Poems of W. B. Yeats

Hello, I am Himanshi Parmar, student of MK Bhavnagar University. This blog i have written in a response of Thinking Activity, Which is a Part of my academic Work. Which we get after each unit. In this blog, i am going to discuss about one major poem of W. B. Yeats entitled "The second coming", in reference of Spanish flu and Corona Pendemic Situation. Along with that i have done critical analysis of another poem "Death". But before that let me give some information about W. B. Yeats.

About W.B.Yeats :-

Full name of W.B.Yeats is William Butler Yeats. He was born on 13 June 1865, and died on 28 January 1939. He was a famous Irish poet, dramatist and writer. He wrote many poems like, 1) Leda and the swan, 2) Death, 3) The second coming, 4) He wishes for the cloths of heaven, 5) Long - Legged fly, etc. Main Themes of his work are, Love, Politics, Old - age art, history myth, aristocracy, violence and prophecy, innocence, Courtesy hatred, anarchy and nostalgia etc. To read more about Yeats (Click here)

Poem The second coming :- 

Turning and turning in the widening gyre   

The falcon cannot hear the falconer;

Things fall apart; the centre cannot hold;

Mere anarchy is loosed upon the world,

The blood-dimmed tide is loosed, and everywhere   

The ceremony of innocence is drowned;

The best lack all conviction, while the worst   

Are full of passionate intensity.

Surely some revelation is at hand;

Surely the Second Coming is at hand.   

The Second Coming! Hardly are those words out   

When a vast image out of Spiritus Mundi

Troubles my sight: somewhere in sands of the desert   

A shape with lion body and the head of a man,   

A gaze blank and pitiless as the sun,   

Is moving its slow thighs, while all about it   

Reel shadows of the indignant desert birds.   

The darkness drops again; but now I know   

That twenty centuries of stony sleep

Were vexed to nightmare by a rocking cradle,   

And what rough beast, its hour come round at last,   

Slouches towards Bethlehem to be born?

- W.B.Yeats

About the poem :- 

The second coming is the most important poem by Irish poet William Butler Yeats. The poem is considered as a major work of Modernist poetry. It was first published in "The Dial" in November 1920, and afterwards includs in his 1921 collection of verse entitled Michael Robartes and the Dancer. This is a short poem written in twenty two lines. And it is written in meter but no rhyme scheme. The poem divided into two stanzas. We find eight Verse in first stanza and fourteen lines in second Stanza, same as Sonnet. (Click here) and read more about structure and rhyme scheme of the poem.

Here is a video for summary of the poem.

The second coming as a pendemic poem :-

 According to Elizabeth Outka, the works of some famous writers like T.S.Eliot, Virginia Woolf, William Butler Yeats, was deeply affected by the Spanish flu.and it comes out indirectly in the most of the literary works of this writers. Here we discuss that why The second coming is a pendemic poem?

The poem was written in 1919. And in same week when the poem was written, Yeats's wife George, who was pregnant, was caught the virus and she was very close to death. And at the time of pendemic, the death rates of pregnant women were among 70 percent. Which is very much horrible. So It is believed by Elizabeth Outka, that may be Yeats write The second coming, while his wife was convalescing. And might be because of that, unconsciously he wrote about pendemic.

2) When we read the poem we find some words like blood - dimmed tide which is related to the symptoms of Spanish flu. In Spanish flu, we find that runny nose, body aches, sore throat, chills sudden, high fever etc, As a main symptoms. While here also poet use the words like blood - dimmed tide, which is similar to chills,sore throat etc.which directly references to Spanish flu.  

3) The ceremony of innocence is drowned, we are able to consider the poem as a pendemic poem by this line. We find that mostly innocent people were died during the corona time. And their death ceremonies were held. And even they don't get a proper ceremony. So that reference we can directly connect with it. Then, 

 "The best lack all 

conviction, while the worst

 Are full of passionate intensity",

 This line we can connect with the situation of corona time, while rich people get every facilities and Poors are suffered a lot. And if we check the death rates we find that 99 percent people who were died, belonged from poor or middle class. 

4) in this lines, 

Turning and turning in the widening gyre,

The falcon cannot hear the falconer;

And then, Yeats wrote that,. " Mere anarchy is loosed upon the world..."

In corona time we find that, chaos are there, people were came on road and begging for help, but no one there to help, nothing we find is In control,the situation gone worst and people started committing suicide. If we see across the world, we find the same situation everywhere. Most of the nation's economic condition declined.and people lost their jobs, their business, they forced to stay at home and wait for everything turns normal back. If we read the line I have wrote above, it directly related to this, in corona time also mere anarchy is loose upon the world. So it is relevant. 

5) pendemic is natural calamity, so that no one able to control the situation and no one able to do anything In it. They have no way excepting wait until everything get back normal. In The second coming, poet wrote that, "Things fall apart; the centre cannot hold;" to the centre, we are able to connect with government. That during the pendemic situation, even government and authority were also not able to do anything. Even they find, people suffering, people dying, people committing suicide, they don't have enough oxigen, enough medicines, good medical service, they have nothing wich establish hope in them.and government used to help them , still they are not able to give them full facilities. So center cannot hold and things fall apart, we can connect with it easily. 

6) we find that, during the pendemic time, people became more religious,they started worshipping god more and more and expect some relief and help from God. Here the lines, "surely some revelation is at hand, 

Surely the second coming is at hand." Is referencing that people are believing that the second coming will surely happens and things will get better. The situation will again get back normal. But then when we read further, Yeats wrote that, "A shape with lion body and the head of a man,

A gaze blank and pitiless as the sun." We can interpret this line as Yeats want to give message that, for what help and relief people are hoping, that will never come. And if it will come the look of that reliefs will be like this monstrous, and dangerous.

So this are the some points which is give us sign that the poem is a pendemic poem. Here is one video of recitation of the poem.

2] Critical analysis of any other poem written by W.B.Yeats. 

Analysis of the Poem "Death":-

Death is one of the shortest poem by William Butler Yeats. The Poem written in 1929 and published In 1933, in a collection The Winding stair and other poems. The poem reflects morality in general and it's approaching death of poet himself in his last years of old age.The poem written in twelve lines. The rhyme scheme of the poem is ABABACACCDCD. 

Critical Analysis of the poem :-

Here, poet reducing the fear of death. In beginning he wrote that, "Nor dread nor hope attend a dying animal; " Yeats compares man's awareness that he will die with an animal's lack of awareness of this. But animal never fear from death, because they have no sense or concept of death. And they don't even hopes for life after death. Then he further wrote that, 

"A man Awaits his end 

Dreading and hoping all;"

Further Yeats tell that, but people feel fear of death. And they also believe rebirth. As we see in religion that our soul is immortal and it will take birth again and again.so people are also fearing about rebirth and by the concept of after death. Means the concept of heaven and hell. But animal can not think about all this.because they have no senses like this. So they don't even fear from death and all. Poet further wrote that, 

Many times he died,

Many times rose again,

In this line, poet give us a deep meaning of life. Brave people can die only once but coward man can die every by his own fear of death. Fear of death can kill us more than death. Also we interpret that, many times he died means failure onc could face in his life and many times rose again means, the second attempt or second try done after each failure. And those who stop making efforts are died according to Yeats in this poem. This lines are also echoing a sentiment of Shakespeare's play Julius Caesar, in that he wrote that, "Coward die many times before their deaths. The brave experience death only once." Yeats further wrote that,

A great man in his pride

Confronting murderous men

Casts derision upon

Supersession of breath;

In this lines, poet put a question for the readers. That when we die, at that time do we replaced our existence with anyone? What happens with us after the death or when we die. And at last he wrote that, 

He knows death to the bone - 

Man has created death.

Means, concept of death is created by man, and great man can not feel trouble by this kind of questions. Yeats is not denying death or the universal truth that one day all will die. But he just want to give message that, why people are living in the fear of death, why they consider death as a horrible, painful. When it is decided that we all have to die one day, then why we are thinking so much about that. Animal also dies, just like man. but they does not live their life within the question of existence and death. This is the core message of the poem of Yeats.let me connect some lines i have taken from one gujrati poem, which seems so related and somehow similar with the poem "Death".

Click here for summary of the poem "death".

References :-

https://slate.com/human-interest/2020/05/1918-pandemic-cultural-memory-literature-outka.html

Wikipedia.com

Shmoop.com

Supersummary.com

War Poetry

Hello, I am Himanshi Parmar, here writing a blog on general analysis of War poetry, comparison of the war poems entitled "The Fear" and "The soldier". Comparison of writing style of chosen war poets. I am writing this answers as a part of thinking activity or bridge course, given as a part of academic work. I hope my blog will be helpful to you!

1) What is your understanding of War Poetry?

Generally, war poetry is a poetry related to war or it's subject is war. This kind of poems are mainly written by Soldiers to express their emotions like frustration, sadness, anger, nervousness, fear, etc. Along with soldiers, sometimes, nurses and doctors are also used to write war poetry. We can say that, war poetry is something which is written by the people who have seen what really happens on battlefield with their own eyes and then write their experience through the form of poetry.

 Since the time of Greek, people used to write war poems. But during the first world war, the war poetry came out as a one seperate gener. Hundreds of soldiers used to write poem about their own experience of war and people used to read it with full intrest and this how this gener become popular. Main idea we find of this kind of poems is about a "Anti - War". This kind of poems are written on a subjects like, Pity, compassion, humanity, truthfulness, innocence, peace, guilt, identity, patriotism, death, desires, separation etc. 

2.) Note down the difference of all the War Poets.

Wilfred Owen :- Horror of trench, gas warfare, loss of faith, fear of death. 

Rupert Brooke :- Patriotism, Unbroken Glory.

Wilfrid Wilson Gibson :- Guilt, Madness, death, Injury, sense of identity.

Siegfried Sassoon :- death, Horror, sympathy for soldiers, Religious Authority.

Ivor Gurney :- Grueling Monotony of day - to - day military life., Religious authority.

3.) Compare any two poems with reference to the subject, style of writing and patriotism.

              1] The fear 

About the poet :- 

Wilfred Owen Full name of Wilfred Owen is Wilfred Edward Salter Owen MC. He was a great English poet along with soldier. He was one of the most important poet of World War one. Wrote most of the works based on his personal experience. His works like, Dulce et Decorum est, Strange meeting, Anthem for Doomed youth, Futility, Spring Offensive etc. 

Mainly, Wilfred Owen is known for his Verse, which are written on a subject of horror and trench and gas warfare. He was also inspired by many poets like, William Butler Yeats, Keats and Shelley. Owen wrote poem about his personal experience with the combination of romantic notion , which made his poem sympathetic. Which make his writing different than other war poets. Among his all poems, only five are published during his life time.

Subject of poem :- 

 The fear is very short eight line poem, the poem is about a soldier. Who is challenging death. And refuse the fear of death. As poet write that,

"I do not fear to die".

Then he said that, I am standing underneath the sky to meet death and to fight with it face to face. This shows his courage. And and strong desire to die for country. As he wrote, 

" Neath the open sky, 

To meet death in the fight,

Face to face, upright."

Then he further wrote about the pain of death. When will the soldier creep In the dark valley, for whom here poet use the word "Hole", and then he will tremble, get cold with dread, and then maybe he wakeup dead. Even if his death will might be painful,he will not feel the pain, they will might Die, but they will happy at last that they die for their nation. The death will be satisfactory for them. This how the poem sing a song of patrimony. Last line indicate this, 

"But when at last we creep,

Into a hole to sleep,

I tremble, cold with dread,

Lest I wake up dead."

Style of writing :- 

"The fear" is very short poem divided into OCTAVE, rhyme scheme of the poem is AABBCCDD. Central theme of the poem is Courage, Patriotism, Fearlessness, and War effects. 

In this poem, poet shows his deep love for his nation, and for that his is ready to die for his nation. He challanges to death which show his courage and fearlessness. The poem written with the indication of future. The poem is one of the shortest poem, but it gives a great message of patriotism, courage, and destroy the fear of death.

Patriotism :-

In this poem, we find strong fragment of patriotism. It is not about just a poet, but it also about all the soldiers who are sacrificing their life for their nation. For them nation come first then their selves, family, their desires, everything come after the nation. And the shadow of this patriotism, we find in the poem in which poet challange death and says that he will die proudly for the nation. The one who sacrifice his invaluable life, is anything greater than this? The entire poem is blossoming with the fragment of Patriotism.

2] The Soldier by Rupert Brooke :- 

About the poet:- 

Rupert Brooke was a most handsome English poet of the 18th century. He was known for his idealistic war Sonnets, which wrote during the first world war. W.b.yeats describe him as "The handsomest young man in England." Main Themes of his poems are love, nature, death, immortality, patriotism etc. His famous poems are,

1) The Soldier

2) The great Lover

3) The death

4) Heave

5) The Old Vicarage, Grantchester. 

Subject of the poem :- 

   This poem is a command of poet to everyone. He indicates that if I should die, thik only this of me, and shows his strong desire of dying in his motherland only. He says that, even if I die in any alien land, the corner where I will buried, think that is for ever England.

   He use the word rich earth and richer dust for England, which shows his deep love towards England. He wrote that,

"In that rich earth a richer dust concealed;

A dust whom England bore, shaped, made aware,..."

Here, poet sing a song of England and praising England. He give description of his body which made up by England and breathing English air. He says that, England give him a proper place to grow in a best way, gave him a flowers to love, and gave him a way to roam. In short, poet get everything from England, which he wants. And he is satisfied and happy for what England gave him. So he wrote that, I have a body of England's and I am breathing English air. Even if I am not in England and fighting in any other foreign land.

He further praise England by saying that, he was bath in Rivers, blest by suns of home, and that removes all evil sheds of his heart. He remember in his eternal mind, he remember her sights and sounds, happy dreams, laughter, friends, gentleness, and the peacefulness of heart. And in the last line.he consider that at last where he is buried it becomes English heaven.because he himself carry England within him.

"And laughter, learnt of 

Friends; and gentleness,

In hearts at peace,

Under an English Heaven."

Here, poet might be in a fight of any other country and he recalling his memories and time which he spent in England. And missing his motherland.

 Here is the video of this poem recitation.

Style of writing :- 

The soldier is well known Sonnet of Rupert Brooke, The poem written in Iambic pentameter, divided into an octave and sestet. The Octave rhymed after the Shakespearean or Elizabethan. Rhymed as ABABCDCD. While sestet follows the Petrarchan or Italian rhyme, EFGEFG.

The poem was published in 1915, with the title of "1914 and other poems". The poem includes the theme of love, death, separation, patriotism, sacrifice etc.

Patriotism :- 

 

This poem is also about patriotism of the poet, similar as we see in The fear. But we find difference also. In The fear, poet sing a song of his own patriotic feeling, and his desire of dying for country, while here in The Solder, poet sing a song of England and his love for England. So subject wise both the poems are different. Here poet exaggerate his love for England by saying that, 

"That there's some corner of foreign field,

That is for ever England."

But this lines also shows his deep love towards his nation. He also mentioned that,

"A body of England's, breathing English air,"

In which he Indicates that, even if I am in alien land, my body is of forever England, and what I am breathing is English air. Which shows that, for him, there is nothing more than England, even if he die in foreign land, the corner where he buried become forever England. Again just like the poem, "The fear", we find strong fragment of patriotism here.

4.) Do you find any such regional poem/movies/web series/songs which can be compared to any one of the poems given here. Also, give a proper explanation of the similarity. 

I want to compare the Bollywood song, Aisa des hai mera with The Soldier poem by Rupert Brooke.

Both the songs are about praising of motherland. Let me here compare both.

1] Aisa des hai mera :-

ओ.. अंबर हेठाँ धरती वसदी ऐथे हर रुत हँसदी हो.. 

किन्ना सोणा देश है मेरा देश है मेरा देश है मेरा

 किन्ना सोणा देश है मेरा देश है मेरा देश है मेरा देश है मेरा 

धरती सुनहरी अंबर नीला हो.. 

धरती सुनहरी अंबर नीला 

हर मौसम रंगीला 

ऐसा देश है मेरा हो.. ऐसा देश है मेरा 

ऐसा देश है मेरा हाँ.. ऐसा देश है मेरा 

बोल पपीहा कोयल गाए...

बोल पपीहा कोयल गाए 

सावन घिर घिर आये

 ऐसा देश है मेरा हो.. ऐसा देश है मेरा 

ऐसा देश है मेरा हाँ.. ऐसा देश है मेरा 

 कौए ते का बोले ओये चिट्ठी मेरे माहिए दी

 विच आने दा बिना बोले ओये चिट्ठी मेरे माहिए दी

 गेंहू के खेतों में कंघी जो करे हवाएं

 रंग-बिरंगी कितनी चुनरियाँ उड़-उड़ जाएं 

पनघट पर पनहारन जब गगरी भरने आये 

मधुर-मधुर तानों में कहीं बंसी कोई बजाए

 लो सुन लो क़दम-क़दम पे है मिल जानी.. 

क़दम-क़दम पे है मिल जानी

 कोई प्रेम कहानी

 ऐसा देश है मेरा हो.. ऐसा देश है मेरा 

ऐसा देश है मेरा हाँ.. ऐसा देश है मेरा

हो....हो....हो....

ओ मेरी जुगनी दे ताके पक्के जुगनी ओस दे मुँह तो फब्बे

जीनू साड इश्कदी लग्गे ओये सांई मेरे आ जुगनी

वीर मेरे आ जुगनी कैंदी ए ओ नाम सांई का लैंदी एoh

ओह दिल कद लिता ई जिंद मेरिए

 बाप के कंधे चढ़ के जहाँ बच्चे देखे मेले

मेलों में नट के तमाशे कुल्फ़ी के चाट के ठेले

कहीं मिलती मीठी गोली कहीं चूरन की है पुड़िया

भोले-भोले बच्चे हैं जैसे गुड्डे और गुड़िया

 और इनको रोज़ सुनाये दादी नानी हो..

रोज़ सुनाये दादी नानी इक परियों की कहानी

 ऐसा देश है मेरा हो.. ऐसा देश है मेरा 

ऐसा देश है मेरा हाँ.. ऐसा देश है मेरा

  

सदके सदके जांदी है मुटियारे नि कंदा चुभा फिर पैर बांकी नारे नि

ओये नि अडिये कंदा चुभा फिर पैर बांकी नारे नि

कौन कड़े तेरा कान्दरा मुटियारे नि कौन सहे तेरी पीड बांकिये नारे नि

 ओये नि अडिये कौन सहे तेरी पीड बांकिये नारे नि

हो.. हो... हो... हो...हो... हो.. हो..

मेरे देश में मेहमानों को भगवान कहा जाता है

वो यहीं का हो जाता है जो कहीं से भी आता है आ......

तेरे देश को मैंने देखा तेरे देश को मैंने जाना आ......

 तेरे देश को मैंने देखा तेरे देश को मैंने जाना

 

जाने क्यूँ ये लगता है मुझको जाना पहचाना

यहाँ भी वही शाम है वही सवेरा ओ..

 वही शाम है वही सवेरा ऐसा ही देश है मेरा

जैसा देश है तेरा वैसा देश है तेरा हाँ.. जैसा देश है तेरा

ऐसा देश है मेरा हो.. जैसा देश है तेरा

ऐसा देश है मेरा हाँ.. जैसा देश है तेरा

 ऐसा देश है मेरा हो जैसा देश है मेरा

Poem The Soldier :-

If I should die, think only this of me:

      That there’s some corner of a foreign field

That is for ever England. There shall be

      In that rich earth a richer dust concealed;

A dust whom England bore, shaped, made aware,

      Gave, once, her flowers to love, her ways to roam;

A body of England’s, breathing English air,

      Washed by the rivers, blest by suns of home.

And think, this heart, all evil shed away,

      A pulse in the eternal mind, no less

            Gives somewhere back the thoughts by England given;

Her sights and sounds; dreams happy as her day;

      And laughter, learnt of friends; and gentleness,

            In hearts at peace, under an English heaven.

Comparison :-

Asa desh banade is a hindi, Bollywood song, From the movie Veer zara (2004). The song was sung by Lata Mangeshkar, udit narayan, prita mazmudar, Gurudas maan. The film start with Punjabi lines,

ओ.. अंबर हेठाँ धरती वसदी ऐथे हर रुत हँसदी हो.. 

किन्ना सोणा देश है मेरा देश है मेरा देश है मेरा

 किन्ना सोणा देश है मेरा देश है मेरा देश है मेरा देश है मेरा| which indicate that the song is sung to praise a nation. Similarly we find a lines of The soldier, "under an English heaven." Wich we find that, here also poet praising the England, while in song poet praising India.

In song poet give some descriptions of beauty of women, chirping birds, greenery of Farms, great love stories of people, relationships of father and son, respect for guest, and a fertile soil etc. And says that this all live within the heart of every Indian as a beautiful image. Similarly in The Soldier, The poet shows the image of heavenly England which he carries in within his heart. So that how also the poem is similar to song. And also we find strong patriotism in both the writings, respect for nation, dedication for nation as well as faith in nation.

This how i found both the song Asa desh banade and the poem The soldier similar. 

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